ASTM D5102-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime Mixtures
Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime Mixtures
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing, curing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-lime and other lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determining unconfined compressive strength. This test method can be used for specimens prepared at the maximum unit weight and optimum water content, or for specimens prepared at other target unit weight and water content levels. Cored specimens of soil-lime should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D 2166.
Note 1 -- Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime and hydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesive soils. Lime kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases by cyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems. Some lime producers hydrate various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce a lime-based product.
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:
1.2.1 Procedure A describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens having height-to-diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50. This test method provides the standard measure of compressive strength.
1.2.2 Procedure B describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens using Test Methods D 698 compaction equipment and molds commonly available in most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered to provide relative measures of individual specimens in a suite of test specimens rather than standard compressive strength values. Because of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) of the cylinders, compressive strength determined by Procedure B will normally be greater than that by Procedure A. Results of unconfined compressive strength tests using Procedure B should not be directly compared to those obtained using Procedure A.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3.1 The use of balances or scales to record pounds of mass (lbm) or to record density in pounds of mass per cubic foot (lbm/ft 3) should not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8
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Designation: D 5102 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime
Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.3.1 The use of balances or scales to record pounds of mass
(lbm) or to record density in pounds of mass per cubic foot
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing, cur-
(lbm/ft ) should not be regarded as nonconformance with this
ing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-lime
test method.
and other lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determining
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
unconfined compressive strength. This test method can be used
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for specimens prepared at the maximum unit weight and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
optimum water content, or for specimens prepared at other
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
target unit weight and water content levels. Cored specimens of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
soil-lime should be tested in accordance with Test Methods
precautionary statements, see Section 8.
D 2166.
NOTE 1—Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime and 2. Referenced Documents
hydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesive
2.1 ASTM Standards:
soils. Lime kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases by
C 51 Definitions of Terms Relating to Lime and Limestone
cyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems. Some lime
(As Used by the Industry)
producers hydrate various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce a
C 977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for
lime-based product.
Soil Stabilization
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.2.1 Procedure A describes procedures for preparing and
Fluids
testing compacted soil-lime specimens having height-to-
D 698 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations of
diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50. This test method
Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 5.5-lb (2.49-kg)
provides the standard measure of compressive strength.
Rammer and 12-in. (305-mm) Drop
1.2.2 Procedure B describes procedures for preparing and
D 2166 Test Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength
testing compacted soil-lime specimens using Test Methods
of Cohesive Soil
D 698 compaction equipment and molds commonly available
D 2216 Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
in most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered to
(Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil-Aggregate
provide relative measures of individual specimens in a suite of
Mixtures
test specimens rather than standard compressive strength
D 3551 Method for Laboratory Preparation of Soil-Lime
values. Because of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) of
Mixtures Using a Mechanical Mixer
the cylinders, compressive strength determined by Procedure B
D 3740 Practice for the Evaluation of Agencies Engaged in
will normally be greater than that by Procedure A. Results of
the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock Used in
unconfined compressive strength tests using Procedure B
Engineering Design and Construction
should not be directly compared to those obtained using
D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-
Procedure A.
fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil and Rock
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Testing
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization
with Admixtures.
Current edition approved May 10, 1996. Published June 1996. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
published as D 5102 – 96. Last previous edition D 5102 – 96. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5102–96
compliance with D 3740 does not, in itself, ensure reliable testing.
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology D 653 for terms relating to soil
Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a
and Definitions C 51 for terms relating to lime and limestone.
means of evaluating some of these factors.
3.1.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.3 lime content—the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of
6. Apparatus
(a) the dry mass of lime to (b) the dry mass of soil.
6.1 Balance or Scale:
3.1.4 unconfined compressive strength of soil-lime (q )—the
μ
6.1.1 Procedure B, a balance or scale for determining the
compressive stress at which an unconfined cylindrical speci-
mass of soil, lime, and water, having a minimum capacity of 20
men of soil-lime will fail in an axial compression test. In this
kg and meeting the requirements of Specification D 4753 for a
test method, unconfined compressive strength is the maximum
balance of 1-g readability.
axial load attained per unit area or the load per unit area at 5 %
6.1.2 Procedure A, a balance or scale, for preparing test
axial strain, whichever occurs first during performance of a
specimens for Procedure A and for determining water content,
test.
having a minimum capacity of 1000 g and meeting the
requirements of Specification D 4753 for a balance of 0.1-g
4. Summary of Test Method
readability.
4.1 Dependent on design criteria, a predetermined number
6.2 Specimen Dimension Measurement Devices, dial com-
of compacted soil-lime specimens are prepared for each
parators, calipers, circumferential tape or other suitable devices
specified lime content, unit weight, and water content so
for measuring the height and diameter of the specimen within
unconfined compression testing can be performed on labora-
0.1 % of the measured dimension.
tory cured specimens of specified ages. In many instances,
6.3 Specimen Molds:
duplicate specimens are tested following a 28 and 90-day
6.3.1 Procedure A, molds having sufficient capacity to
curing period at room temperature. In some cases, however, a
provide specimens with length-to-diameter ratios between 2.00
curing period of 7 days at room temperature or accelerated
and 2.50. Molds 50 6 0.2 mm (2.0 6 0.01 in.) in diameter by
curing conditions may be necessary.
125 6 0.2 mm (5.0 6 0.01 in.) high or 506 0.2 mm (2.0 6
4.2 The amount of soil, lime, and water required for the
0.01 in.) in diameter by 100 6 0.2 mm (4 6 0.01 in.) high are
specimen is determined. The soil-lime-water mixture is com-
commonly used. Split molds may be used. The mold shall have
pacted in a mold to the desired initial specimen conditions.
an extension collar assembly made of rigid metal and con-
4.3 After removal from the mold, specimens are cured for a
structed so it can be securely attached to and detached from the
specified number of days.
mold.
4.4 Following the curing period, the soil-lime specimens are
6.3.2 Procedure B, molds with extension collars conforming
loaded in compression to failure. Maximum load or load at 5 %
to the requirements of Method D 698.
axial strain is used to calculate unconfined compressive
6.4 Tamping Rod or Compaction Hammer, tamping rod or
strength.
compaction hammer suitable for mold size and preparation of
specimen at desired unit weight.
5. Significance and Use
6.5 Test Specimen Extruder—An extruder is required if split
5.1 Compression testing of soil-lime specimens is per-
molds are not used. The device shall consist of a piston, jack,
formed to determine unconfined compressive strength of the
and frame or similar equipment suitable for extruding speci-
cured soil-lime-water mixture to determine the suitability of
mens from the mold.
the mixture for uses such as in pavement bases and subbases,
6.6 Containers, suitable plastic airtight, moistureproof con-
stabilized subgrades, and structural fills.
tainers for sealing and storing specimens after compaction. The
5.2 Compressive strength data are used in soil-lime mix
containers should be rigid to protect the specimens from
design procedures: (a) to determine if a soil will achieve a
disturbance during handling.
significant strength increase with the addition of lime; (b)to
6.7 Miscellaneous Equipment, tools such as spatulas,
group soil-lime mixtures into strength classes; (c) to study the
knives, straightedge, trowels, scoops, etc., for use in preparing
effects of variables such as lime percentage, unit weight, water
specimens.
content, curing time, curing temperature, etc.; and (d)to
6.8 Temperature Controlled Room or Cabinet, a room or
estimate other engineering properties of soil-lime mixtures.
cabinet capable of maintaining a temperature of 23.0 6 1.7°C
5.3 Lime is generally classified as calcitic or dolomitic.
(73.4 6 3.0°F) for curing soil-lime specimens. A moist room
Usually in soil stabilization, high-calcium hydrated lime
can be used but is not required.
[Ca(OH) ] or monohydrated dolomitic lime [Ca(OH) + MgO]
2 2
6.9 Timer, a timing device to indicate the elapsed testing
are used. Lime may increase the strength of cohesive soil. The
time to the nearest second for establishing the rate of strain
type of lime in combination with soil type influences the
application prescribed in 13.2.
resulting compressive strength.
6.10 Compression Device and Load Indicator—The com-
NOTE 2—The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in
pression device may be any device with sufficient capacity and
accordance with Practice D 3740. Not withstanding statements on preci-
control to provide the constant strain rate prescribed in 13.2.
sion and bias contained in this method: The precision of this test method
The device shall be equipped so the compressive load is
is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the
applied to the specimen without producing eccentric loading
suitability of the equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the
conditions. When the compression device is set to advance at
criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that a specified rate, the actual rate shall not deviate from the
D5102–96
required value by more than 610 %. For soil-lime specimens prepare the required number of test specimens at each pre-
with an unconfined compressive strength of less than 100 kPa scribed lime content, percent of maximum dry unit weight, and
(15 lbf/in. ), the load indicator shall be of such sensitivity that
water content. The values of maximum dry unit weight and
the applied stress can be calculated to 60.7 kPa (0.1 lbf/in. ).
optimum moisture content are determined in accordance with
For soil-lime specimens with compressive strengths of 100 kPa
Test Methods D 698. The initial water content of soil, as
(15 lbf/in. ) or greater, the load indicator shall be of such
determined using Method D 2216, is used to calculate the
sensitivity that the applied stress can be calculated to 65 kPa
additional water required to bring the soil-lime mixture to the
(0.7 lbf/in. ).
desired moisture contents. Approximately 10 % more material
6.11 Deformation Indicator—The deformation indicator
than calculated should be prepared to ensure that enough
shall be a dial indicator graduated to 0.02 mm (0.001 in.) or
material is available.
less and having a travel range sufficient to measure 5 % of the
10.3 Mix the soil-lime mixtures in accordance with Method
length of the test specimen. Another measuring device, such as
D 3551.
an electronic deformation measuring device, may be used
10.4 Select the proper compaction mold in accordance with
provided it meets these requirements.
the procedure to be used.
7. Reagents and Materials
10.4.1 Procedure A, (Specimens Having Height-to-
7.1 Hydrated Lime—Lime that is predominantly calcium
Diameter Ratios Between 2.0 and 2.5)—Prepare specimens by
hydroxide [Ca(OH) ] or a mixture of Ca(OH) and magnesium
2 2
compacting material in at least three layers, using a pressing,
oxide (MgO) or magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH) ], or both.
kneading or impact action, into a mold meeting the require-
Only fresh lime meeting the requirements of Specification
ments of 6.3.1. Specimens may be molded to the desired unit
C 977 may be used. Bagged lime must be kept sealed because
weight by either: (1) kneading or tamping each layer until the
of the tendency for the lime to combine with CO in air.
accumulative mass of the soil placed in the mold is compacted
7.2 Quicklime—Lime which is predominantly calcium ox-
to a known volume, or (2) adjusting the number of layers, the
ide (CaO) or CaO in association with MgO. Only fresh lime
number of tamps per layer, and the force per tamp (Note 3).
meeting the requirements of Specification C 977 may be used.
The ends of the specimen should be perpendicular to the
Bagged lime must be kept sealed because of the tendency for
longitudinal axis. Scarify the top of each layer prior to the
the lime to combine with CO in air.
addition of material for the next layer. After the specimen is
7.3 Tapwater—Tapwater that is free of acids, alkalies, and
formed, remove the mold. Determine and record the mass of
oils and is suitable for drinking shall be used for wetting the
the specimen, length of the specimen, and diameter of the
soil.
specimen at midheight.
8. Safety Hazards
NOTE 3—When comparing strength data between laboratories, the
8.1 Lime chemically reacts with water and can become hot.
details on specimen preparation should be known, as the preparation
Appropriate safety equipment, such as gloves, protective
method affects unit weight which effects strength.
eyewear, respirator, and plastic apron should be worn when
10.4.2 Procedure B—Compact specimens in accordance
handling lime.
with the procedure given in Test Methods D 698. Scarify the
9. Technical Hazards
surfaces of the first two layers prior to adding material for the
next layer. Take steps to ensure layer heights are approximately
9.1 Perform compaction as quickly as possible after the 1-h
mellowing period to minimize additional lime hydration and equal. After a specimen is formed, extrude the specimen from
unrecorded moisture loss. the mold and determine and record the mass of
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