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ASTM D3475-07

(Classification)

Standard Classification of Child-Resistant Packages

Standard Classification of Child-Resistant Packages

SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers various types of child-resistant packages.
1.2 The examples for each type of child-resistant packaging are not intended to be all-inclusive, but are included only as an aid in the understanding and comprehension of each type of classification.
1.3 Listings are not to be considered endorsements or approval of the package by ASTM.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2007
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3475-06 - Standard Classification of Child-Resistant Packages
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D3475-08 - Standard Classification of Child-Resistant Packages
Effective Date
01-Feb-2008
Referred By
ASTM F3159-15(2022) - Standard Safety Specification for Liquid Laundry Packets
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3304-22 - Standard Specification for Lamp Fuel and Torch Fuel Packaging
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7860-14(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Torque Retention for Child Resistant and Non-Child Resistant Packages with Continuous Thread Closures Using Automated Torque Testing Equipment
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2517-22e1 - Standard Specification for Determination of Child Resistance of Portable Fuel Containers for Consumer Use
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8233-19 - Standard Guide for Packaging and Labeling of Consumer Resin Cannabis Products for Sale to Adult Consumers, Legally Authorized Medical Users, and Caregivers in a Business-to-Consumer Retail Environment (Retailers)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007

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ASTM D3475-07 - Standard Classification of Child-Resistant Packages
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 3475 – 07
Standard Classification of
1
Child-Resistant Packages
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.3 unit use/single use package—an immediate product
container/package, which may include label directions for use,
1.1 Thisclassificationcoversvarioustypesofchild-resistant
designed in such a manner that each individual product
packages.
package is intended to be opened or used one time separately
1.2 The examples for each type of child-resistant packaging
from the other individual product units in the package, or the
are not intended to be all-inclusive, but are included only as an
entire contents of a single unit package intended for use in one
aid in the understanding and comprehension of each type of
application.
classification.
2.1.3.1 Discussion—These packages are generally non-
1.3 Listings are not to be considered endorsements or
reclosable or non-reusable. A unit of sale package may consist
approval of the package by ASTM.
of one or more non-reusable individual packages. Generally
2. Terminology used for household, automotive, chemical, pesticide, veteri-
nary, garden and other products not intended for human
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ingestion. Package styles may include some aerosol, that is,
2.1.1 child-resistant package—as defined by the Poison
foggers, soluble film, canisters, pouches, and so forth, filled
Prevention Packaging Act, packaging that is designed or
with liquids, drys, powders, and other product forms. Packages
constructed to be significantly difficult for children under five
may or may not be child-resistant in accordance with the
years of age to open or obtain a toxic or harmful amount of the
regulatory requirements of the package contents.
substance contained therein within a reasonable time, and not
difficult for normal adults to use properly, but does not mean
3. Significance and Use
packaging which all such children cannot open or obtain a
2
3.1 This classification scheme defines the type of motions,
toxic or harmful amount within a reasonable time.
skills, or tools required for a particular type of child-resistant
2.1.2 unit dose package—an immediate product container/
package and provides examples of current packaging within
package designed and labeled in such a manner that each
that type.
individual product package is intended to be opened or used
3.2 Reference to a particular package in this classification is
one time in a generally non-reclosable or non-resealable
not intended in any manner to denote endorsement or approval
manner, separately from the other individual product units in
of the package by ASTM.
the package, or the entire contents of a single unit package
3.3 Packages have been included as examples based on
intended for use in one application.
manufacturers’ claims of child-resistance. Child-resistant
2.1.2.1 Discussion—Normally used for pharmaceutical, hu-
package functionality for any specific product type must be
man healthcare, and nutritional products in dry solid, topical,
determined by the packager/manufacturer following the guide-
transdermal, or liquid form.Aunit of sale package may contain
lines of the PPPA of 1970 and the most current version of the
one or more individual unit dose packages, that is, individually
2
CFR Title 16 Part 1700 and Title 40 Part 157. The listing of
wrapped transdermal patches, pre-filled syringes and syringe
a package in this classification is not an indication of whether
cartridges, blister cards with multiple tablets or capsules, and
or not it has been successfully tested in accordance with the
so forth. Unit dose packages may or may not be child-resistant
aforementioned guidelines.
in accordance with the regulatory requirements of the package
3.4 Additions or deletions to the examples should be re-
contents.
ported to Committee D10 on Packaging, for incorporation into
this classification during the next revision.
1
This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.31 on Child 4. Basis of Classification
Resistant Packaging and Closure Systems.
4.1 The basis for classification for child-resistant closure,
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
and the classifications themselves, appear in Table 1.
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 3475 – 06.
2
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, Part 1700 and Title 40, Part 157.Acopy
may be obtained through the Superintendent of Do
...

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ASTM D8135-17(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Particulate Solid Filling Substances for Packagings Subjected to the United Nations Performance Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Regulations prescribing the test procedures for hazardous materials packaging allow for the substitution of non-hazardous fill materials for packaging performance tests with certain limitations prescribed and guidance offered (see 49 CFR 178.602(c)). This regulatory guidance has proven to be flexible enough, in common industry practice, to produce variations in the selection of fill materials for package performance tests sufficient to cause inconsistent and non-repeatable test results. This variation creates significant problems in product liability, packaging selection and regulatory enforcement in this highly regulated industry. Use of this guide should enhance uniformity in test procedures.  
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This guide identifies the key information required to ensure that selected packaging will pass the United Nations (UN) packaging certification at the level that is appropriate for its intended use. This guide covers test procedures for transportation of hazardous material packagings for net masses except those used for infectious substances, radioactive materials, cylinders, and other receptacles for gases and does not replace domestic or international requlatory requirements for hazardous material packagings. The UN performance tests are based on the degree of hazard posed by the proposed materials to be packaged which are also assigned to a specific packing group. Only packaging designs that meet the UN performance standards are to be marked with a UN mark. Tests include drop test, leakproofness test, stack test, vibration test, pressure differential test, hydrostatic pressure test, and cobb water absorption test.
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4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
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1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.  
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Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2  
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4.1 Many materials from which containers and packages are made, especially cellulosic materials, undergo changes in physical properties as the temperature and the relative humidity (RH) to which they are exposed are varied. Therefore, the package should be placed and kept in a specified atmosphere for a length of time such that subsequent measurements of physical properties will be meaningful and reproducible.  
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1.1 This practice provides for standard and special conditioning and testing atmospheres that may be used to simulate particular field conditions that a container, package, or packaging component may encounter during its life or testing cycle.  
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ASTM D5445-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Packages are often marked with handling instructions in the language of the country of origin. While this may safeguard the consignment to some extent, it is of little value for goods consigned to, or through, countries using different languages, and of no value at all if people unloading the packages are illiterate. Pictorial symbols offer the most likely means of conveying the consignor’s intention and their adoption will, therefore, undoubtedly reduce loss and damage through incorrect handling. The use of pictorial symbols does not provide any guarantee of satisfactory handling; proper protective packaging is therefore of primary importance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a set of symbols to be used for marking of packages or containers to indicate special handling and storage requirements.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
4.2 These test methods provide a measure of a packaged product's ability to withstand the various levels of shipping environment hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.  
4.3 Test Method A is intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment. Refer to Methods D5277 for simulating the standard draft gear portion of that environment.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to determine the ability of a package or product to withstand laboratory simulated horizontal impact forces.  
1.2 The horizontal impacts used in these test methods are programmed shock inputs that represent the hazards as they occur in the shipping and handling environments. The environmental hazards may include rail switching impacts, lift truck marshalling impacts, and so forth. The following test methods apply:  
1.2.1 Method A, Rail Car Switching Impact—This test method simulates the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail car switching, with the use of a rigid bulkhead on the leading edge of the test carriage, to simulate the end wall of a railcar and shock programming devices to produce representative shock pulses. With the use of backloading, this test method may also be used to simulate compressive forces experienced by lading loads during rail car switching. It is suitable for tests of individual containers or systems as they are shipped in rail cars. It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pallet patterns to determine the effect of interaction between containers during rail switching operation impacts.  
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1.3 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode on shipping and handling used for the item under test.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6344-04(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.  
4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability of packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to evaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or both between the package wall and its contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.  
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact.
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