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ASTM C936/C936M-11

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units

Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units

ABSTRACT
This specification is intended for interlocking concrete pavers used in the construction of paved surfaces and manufactured from cementitious materials, aggregates, chemical admixtures, and other constituents such as integral water repellents. The specification also offers guidelines for physical requirements, sampling and testing, visual inspection, and rejection of specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlocking concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of paved surfaces.
1.2 When particular features are desired, such as weight classification, higher compressive strength, surface textures, finish, color, or other special features, such properties should be specified by the purchaser. Local sellers, however, should be consulted as to availability of units having the desired features.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. ^REFERENCE:
ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes
C260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
C331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
C418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C979 Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
C1645 Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Dec-2011
ICS
93.080.20 - Road construction materials
Technical Committee
C15 - Manufactured Masonry Units
Drafting Committee
C15.03 - Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C936/C936M-09 - Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
Effective Date
15-Dec-2011
Replaced By
ASTM C936/C936M-12 - Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1781/C1781M-21 - Standard Test Method for Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit Pavement Systems
Effective Date
15-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM C140/C140M-23 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
Effective Date
15-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1645-22a - Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
Effective Date
15-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1232-21a - Standard Terminology for Masonry
Effective Date
15-Dec-2011

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REDLINE ASTM C936/C936M-11 - Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving UnitsREDLINE ASTM C936/C936M-11 - Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C936/C936M −11
Standard Specification for
1
Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C936/C936M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlock-
C979 Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Con-
ing concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of paved
crete
surfaces.
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and
1.2 When particular features are desired, such as weight
Mortars
classification, higher compressive strength, surface textures,
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
finish, color, or other special features, such properties should
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
bespecifiedbythepurchaser.Localsellers,however,shouldbe
Mixtures
consulted as to availability of units having the desired features.
C1645 Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Terminology
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1 Definitions:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.1 architectural finishes—surface modified by mechani-
with the standard.
cal means such as blasting, hammering, polishing, tumbling,
washing, or other methods.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Materials
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
4.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the following
C140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete
applicable ASTM specifications:
Masonry Units and Related Units
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
4.1.1 Portland Cements—Specification C150.
C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-
4.1.2 Blended Cements—Specification C595,Types IS or IP.
poses
4.1.3 Hydraulic Cement—Specification C1157.
C260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-
4.1.4 Hydrated Lime, Type S—Specification C207.
crete
4.1.5 Fly Ash—Specification C618.
C331 Specification for LightweightAggregates for Concrete
4.1.6 Ground Slag—Specification C989.
Masonry Units
C418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by
4.1.7 Silica Fume—Specification C1240.
Sandblasting
4.2 Aggregates shall conform to the followingASTM speci-
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
fications,exceptthatgradingrequirementsshallnotnecessarily
Concrete
apply:
C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
4.2.1 Normal Weight—Specification C33.
4.2.2 Lightweight—Specification C331.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
4.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the following
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units. applicable ASTM specifications:
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally
4.3.1 Air-entraining Admixtures—Specification C260.
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C936/C936M – 09.
DOI: 10.1520/C0936_C0936M-11. 4.3.2 Water-reducing, Retarding, and Accelerating
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Admixtures—Specification C494/C494M.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete—
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Specification C979.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C936/C936M − 11
4.4 Other Constituents—Integral water repellents, and other 5.6 Abrasion Resistance—When tested in accordance with
materials for which no ASTM standards exist, shall be previ- Test Method C418, specimens shall not have an average
3 2 3 2
ously established as suitable for use in concrete or shall be volume loss greater than 15 cm /50 cm [0.92 in. /7.75 in. ].
shown by test or experience not to be detrimental to the The average thickness loss shall not ex
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C936/C936M–09 Designation: C936/C936M – 11
Standard Specification for
1
Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C936/C936M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlocking concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of paved
surfaces.
1.2 When particular features are desired, such as weight classification, higher compressive strength, surface textures, finish,
color, or other special features, such properties should be specified by the purchaser. Local sellers, however, should be consulted
as to availability of units having the desired features.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes
C260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
C331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
C418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C979 Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
C1645 Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 architectural finishes—surfacemodifiedbymechanicalmeanssuchasblasting,hammering,polishing,tumbling,washing,
or other methods.
4. Materials
4.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications:
4.1.1 Portland Cements—Specification C150.
4.1.2 Blended Cements—Specification C595, Types IS or IP.
4.1.3 Hydraulic Cement—Specification C1157.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 on
Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C936–08. DOI: 10.1520/
C0936_C0936M-09.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C936/C936M – 09. DOI:
10.1520/C0936_C0936M-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C936/C936M – 11
4.1.4 Hydrated Lime, Type S—Specification C207.
4.1.5 Fly Ash—Specification C618.
4.1.6 Ground Slag—Specification C989.
4.1.7 Silica Fume—Specification C1240.
4.2 Aggregates shall conform to the following ASTM specifications, except that grading requirements shall not necessarily
apply:
4.2.1 Normal Weight—Specification C33.
4.2.2 Lightweight—Specification C331.
4.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications:
4.3.1 Air-entraining Admixtures—Specification C260.
4.3.2 Water-reducing, Retarding, and Accelerating Admixtures—Specification C494/C494M.
4.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete—Specification C979.
4.4 Other Constituents—Integral water repellents, and other materials for which noASTM standards exist, shall be previously
established as suitable for use in concre
...

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This specification covers heavy vehicular paving bricks designed for use in streets, commercial driveways, aircraft taxiways, and other places where there is a high volume of heavy vehicular traffic. The bricks should be manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to firing. The high temperature heat treatment should develop sufficient fired bonds between the material particles to produce the required strength and durability. The bricks may also be shaped by extruding, molding, or pressing during manufacture and may have spacing lugs, chamfered edges, or both. The materials are classified into two types according to the intended installation and should all conform to the required values of freeze thaw resistance, abrasion resistance, skid resistance, coring, chips or cracks, and efflorescence.
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1.2 This specification applies to all retroreflective pavement markings (markings that include retroreflective optics residing on the surface) except structured pavement markings as defined in 3.2.5.  
1.3 This specification is not applicable to pavement markings that do not include retroreflective optics on the surface.  
1.4 This specification does not address any requirements other than the color of retroreflective pavement markings.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—This specification is noted to be an SI document, where angles are generally expressed in radians. However, as angles used in retroreflection have historically been identified in degrees, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM, Comité International des Poids et Mesures) accepts the use of degrees with SI units, and European Normatives and documents from the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) use degrees for retroreflection geometry.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D244-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified Asphalts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the amount of water present in the emulsified asphalt, as distinguished from either bitumen or petroleum solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods and practices, given under the headings titled Composition, Consistency, Stability, and Examination of Residue, cover the examination of asphalt emulsions composed principally of a semisolid or liquid asphaltic base, water, and an emulsifying agent. The test methods cover the following tests and practices:    
Test  
Sections  
Composition:  
Water Content  
4 – 10  
Residue and Oil Distillate by Distillation  
See Test Method
D6997  
Residue by Evaporation  
See Test Method
D6934  
Particle Charge of Cationic Emulsified Asphalts  
See Practice
D7402  
Consistency:  
Viscosity (Saybolt Furol)  
See Test Method
D7496  
Stability:  
Demulsibility  
See Test Method
D6936  
Settlement  
See Test Method
D6930  
Cement Mixing  
See Test Method
D6935  
Sieve Test  
See Test Method
D6933  
Aggregate Coating  
See Practice
D6998  
Miscibility with Water  
See Practice
D6999  
Freezing  
See Practice
D6929  
Coating Ability and Water Resistance  
11 – 18  
Storage Stability of Asphalt Emulsion  
See Test Method
D6930  
Examination of Residue  
19 – 26  
Identification Test for Rapid Setting Cationic Emulsified Asphalt  
27 – 34  
Identification of Cationic Slow Set Emulsions  
See Practice
D7402  
Field Coating Test on Emulsified Asphalts  
35 – 40  
Emulsified Asphalt/Job Aggregate Coating Test  
41 – 46  
Density of Emulsified Asphalt  
See Test Method
D6937  
Residue by Low-Temperature Vacuum Distillation  
See Test Method
D7403  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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