ASTM A181/A181M-06(2011)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the carbon steel forgings used for general-purpose piping. Two classes of material are covered, Classes 60 and 70, and classified according to their mechanical properties. Except for flanges of all types, up to and including NPS 4 may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return bends, tees, and header tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock. Forgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapid cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through critical range. Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but when applied, it shall consist of tempering, annealing, normalizing, or normalizing and tempering. Heat analysis shall be made to determine the percentage of the following elements: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. The mechanical properties of the material shall conform to the required tensile properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonstandard as-forged fittings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M.
1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated as Classes 60 and 70, respectively, and are classified in accordance with their mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.
1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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Designation: A181/A181M – 06 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA181/A181M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope A266/A266M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for
2 Pressure Vessel Components
1.1 This specification covers nonstandard as-forged fit-
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
tings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forg-
quirements
ings made to this specification are limited to a maximum
A961/A961M Specification for Common Requirements for
weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered
Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings,Valves, and Parts for Piping
to Specification A266/A266M.
Applications
1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated as
Classes 60 and 70, respectively, and are classified in accor-
3. General Requirements and Ordering Information
dance with their mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.
3.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to
1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
the requirements of SpecificationA961/A961M, including any
and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable
supplementary requirements that are indicated in the purchase
“M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be
order. Failure to comply with the requirements of Specification
furnished to inch-pound units.
A961/A961M constitutes non-conformance with this specifi-
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
cation.
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
3.2 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
purchase order all ordering information necessary to purchase
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
the needed material. Examples of such information include but
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
are not limited to the ordering information in Specification
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
A961/A961M and the following:
cation.
3.2.1 Supplementary requirements, and
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.2 Additional requirements (See 4.3, 9.1, 10.2, 12.1, and
12.2).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
with the requirements of Specification A961/A961M, the
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4. Materials and Manufacture
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for PipingApplications and Bolting
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications. 4.1 Except for flanges of all types, hollow, cylindrically
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published March 2012. Originally
shaped parts may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar,
approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A181/A181M–06.
provided that the axial length of the part is approximately
DOI: 10.1520/A0181_A0181M-06R11.
parallel to the metal flow lines of the stock. Other parts,
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
cation SA-181 in Section II of that Code.
excluding flanges of all types, up to and including NPS 4 may
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
bends, tees, and header tees shall not be machined directly
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. from bar stock.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A181/A181M – 06 (2011)
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
4.2 Except as permitted in 4.1, the finished product shall be
aforgingasdefinedintheTerminologysection(exclusively)of Class 60 Class 70
Specification A788/A788M.
Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 60 [415] 70 [485]
A
Yield strength, min, ksi [MPa] 30 [205] 36 [250]
4.3 When specified in the order, the manufacturer shall
Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm], min, % 22 18
submit for approval of the purchaser a sketch showing the
Reduction of area, min, % 35 24
shape of the rough forging before machining.
A
Determined by either the 0.2 % offset method or the 0.5 % extension-under-
4.4 Forgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapid
load method.
cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through the
critical range.
furnished. The specification designation included on reports of
4.5 Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but
testing shall include year of issue and revision letter, if any.
when applied, heat treatment shall consist of tempering,
annealing, normalizing, or normalizing and tempering.
10. Repair by Welding
10.1 Repair welding, by the manufacturer, is permissible for
5. Chemical Composition
parts made to dimensional standards such as those of ANS
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A181/A181M–06 Designation: A181/A181M – 06 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA181/A181M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope *
1.1 This specification covers nonstandard as-forged fittings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forgings made
to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification
A266/A266M.
1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated as Classes 60 and 70, respectively, and are classified in accordance with
their mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.
1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M”
specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.4 Thevaluesstatedineitherinch-poundunitsorSIunitsaretoberegardedseparatelyasstandard.Withinthetext,theSIunits
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A266/A266M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
A961/A961M Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping
Applications
3. General Requirements and Ordering Information
3.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A961/A961M, including any
supplementary requirements that are indicated in the purchase order. Failure to comply with the requirements of Specification
A961/A961M constitutes non-conformance with this specification.
3.2 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the purchase order all ordering information necessary to purchase the needed
material. Examples of such information include but are not limited to the ordering information in SpecificationA961/A961M and
the following:
3.2.1 Supplementary requirements, and
3.2.2 Additional requirements (See 4.3, 9.1, 10.2, 12.1, and 12.2).
3.3 IftherequirementsofthisspecificationareinconflictwiththerequirementsofSpecificationA961/A961M,therequirements
of this specification shall prevail.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Except for flanges of all types, hollow, cylindrically shaped parts may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar, provided
that the axial length of the part is approximately parallel to the metal flow lines of the stock. Other parts, excluding flanges of all
types, up to and including NPS 4 may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return bends, tees, and header tees shall
not be machined directly from bar stock.
4.2 Except as permitted in 4.1, the finished product shall be a forging as defined in the Terminology section (exclusively) of
Specification A788/A788M.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel,Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved Sept.Oct. 1, 2006.2011. Published September 2006.March 2012. Originally approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 20012006 as
A181/A181M–01.A181/A181M–06. DOI: 10.1520/A0181_A0181M-06R11.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-181 in Section II of that Code.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A181/A181M – 06 (2011)
4.3 When specified in the order, the manufacturer shall submit for approval of the purchaser a sketch showing the shape of the
rough forging before machining.
4.4 Forgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapid cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through the critical
range.
4.5 Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but when applied, heat treatment shall consist of tempering, annealing,
normalizing, or normalizing and tempering.
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified in Table
1. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements in Table 1.
6. Mechanical Properties
6.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties prescribed in Table 2.
7. Number of Tests
7.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat.
7.2 If any test specimen is defectively machined, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted.
8. Retests
8.1 When one or more representative test specimens do not conform to specification requirements for the tested characteristic,
only a single retest for each nonconforming characteristic m
...
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