ASTM D5573-99(2005)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP) Joints
Standard Practice for Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP) Joints
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a simple means of classifying failure modes for adhesively bonded FRP joints.
Each failure mode classification is based solely on a visual observation of the failure surface without the aid of a microscope or other means to magnify the surface.
Except for the line-drawing representations given, this practice does not contain descriptions of failure modes possible when using adhesion promoters. However, similar analogies to the failure modes described herein can be made.
This practice does not address the acceptability of any specific failure mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying, identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhesively bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used in developing this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-molding compound, or SMC.
1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehensive definitions of possible failure modes to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and product performance.
Note 1-Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are contained in the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.
Fig. 2-Side-by Side Comparison of Failure Modes
Fig. 3-Adhesive Failure
Fig. 4-Cohesive Failure
Fig. 5-Thin-Layer Cohesive Failure
Fig. 6-Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 7-Light-Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 8-Stock-Break Failure
Fig. 9-Mixed Failure-40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Fiber
Fig. 10-Mixed Failure-32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 11-Mixed Failure-20 % Adhesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Note 2-This practice may be used to describe the failure modes generated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D 3163, D 3164, D 3165, D 3807, D 5041, D 5868 , and SAE J1525.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5573 − 99(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Practice for
Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP)
Joints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5573; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying,
identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhesively D907 Terminology of Adhesives
D3163 Test Method for Determining Strength ofAdhesively
bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used in
developing this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset- Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Ten-
sion Loading
polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-molding
compound, or SMC. D3164 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesively
Bonded Plastic Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear by
1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehen-
Tension Loading
sivedefinitionsofpossiblefailuremodestoserveasaguidefor
D3165 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in
contracts, drawings, product specifications, and product perfor-
Shear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint Laminated
mance.
Assemblies
NOTE 1—Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are contained
D3807 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in
in the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.
Cleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-
Fig. 2—Side-by Side Comparison of Failure Modes
to-Engineering Plastics)
Fig. 3—Adhesive Failure
D5041 Test Method for Fracture Strength in Cleavage of
Fig. 4—Cohesive Failure
Fig. 5—Thin-Layer Cohesive Failure
Adhesives in Bonded Joints
Fig. 6—Fiber-Tear Failure
D5868 Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber
Fig. 7—Light-Fiber-Tear Failure
Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding
Fig. 8—Stock-Break Failure
2.2 SAE Standard:
Fig. 9—Mixed Failure—40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-
SAE J1525 SAE Recommended Practice—Lap Shear Test
Tear Fiber
Fig. 10—Mixed Failure—32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-Tear
for Automotive-Type Adhesives for Fiber Reinforced
Failure
Plastic (FRP) Bonding
Fig. 11—Mixed Failure—20 % Adhesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-
2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:
Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Color Photographs of Failure Modes
NOTE 2—This practice may be used to describe the failure modes
generated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D3163,
3. Terminology
D3164, D3165, D3807, D5041, D5868, and SAE J1525.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions may not appear outside of this practice
standard.
unless the following delimiting phrase is included: “relating to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
testing FRP bonded joints and ASTM Practice D5573.”
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 failure-mode classification, n—relating to testing FRP
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bonded joints, a classification that includes the seven classes of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
failure modes identified here: (1) adhesive failure, (2) cohesive
failure, (3) thin-layer cohesive failure, (4) fiber-tear failure, (5)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on Adhesives
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.40 on Adhesives for Plastics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D5573 – 99. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5573-99R05. the ASTM website.
2 4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
ADJD5573. Original adjunct produced in 1993. PA 15096-0001, http://aerospace.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5573 − 99 (2005)
light-fiber-tear failure, (6) stock-break failure, and (7) mixed few or no glass fibers transferred from the substrate to the
failure (see 3.2.1.2 through 3.2.1.10). adhesive. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 7.)
3.2.1.11 stock-break failure, SB, n—a break of the FRP
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Failure of a tested specimen is seldom
substrate outside the adhesively bonded-joint region, often
confined to a single mode, but rather is a combination of two
occurring near it. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 8.)
or more of the first six modes, such combination designated as
mixed failure. Whenever possible, mixed failure should always 3.2.1.12 mixed failure, n—any combination of two or more
be reported citing the class of failure present and the percent of of the six classes of failure mode defined in 3.2.1.2, 3.2.1.4,
each class. 3.2.1.6, 3.2.1.7, 3.2.1.10, and 3.2.1.11. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig.
3.2.1.2 adhesive failure, ADH (or A), n—rupture of the
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