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ASTM F2326-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Collection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candles as They Burn

Standard Test Method for Collection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candles as They Burn

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The intent of this test method is to aid the candle manufacturer to optimize candle formulations in the reduction of visible smoke emissions.
This test method is intended to provide candle manufacturers a standard procedure to use during development of candle designs and formulations to compare relative smoke/burn behavior. For the development of this method, a protocol was established for trimming the wick on specially prepared test candles to 6 to 7 mm (¼in.) prior to each burn cycle. It is recommended that the manufacturer determine a standardized protocol, that is, either not trimming the wick or trimming the wick to an appropriate length in order for direct comparison of results.
A relative ranking of candle formulations can be established with the use of a histogram of the data and control charts.
This test method is not intended to set forth pass/fail criteria for visible smoke emissions from candles, as such, this method sets no standard level for visible smoke emissions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the collection and analysis of visible emissions from indoor use candles as they burn.
1.2 The test is to be used to compare relative smoke/burn behavior during development of candle designs and formulations.
1.3 This test method may not be suitable for multiple wick candles; tapers and candles intended to be burned while floating on water commonly known as "floaters."
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2004
ICS
13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions
Technical Committee
F15 - Consumer Products
Drafting Committee
F15.45 - Candle Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2326-04(2009) - Standard Test Method for Collection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candles as They Burn
Effective Date
01-Aug-2009
Referred By
ASTM F1972-19 - Standard Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and Associated Accessory Items
Effective Date
01-Feb-2004

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ASTM F2326-04 - Standard Test Method for Collection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candles as They Burn
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2326–04
Standard Test Method for
Collection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candles
1
as They Burn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2326; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
During the development of this test method with a specially manufactured “standardized” candle,
variability of candle burn behavior was observed that introduced a wide statistical variation in the
overall test results from a single design. Variability in testing different types of candle products would
introduceevengreatervariability,thatis,apillarcandlecomprisedof60°C(140°F)meltingpointwax
would not, and would not be expected to, show the same burn behavior as a jar candle comprised of
54.4°C (130°F) melting point wax. It is believed that a significant database of candle burn
performance, based on each type of candle and formulation format, would be required before one
could determine whether a statistical basis could be developed for pass/fail criteria for visible smoke
emissions from candles. This method is intended to provide candle manufacturers a standard
procedure to use during the development of candle designs and formulations to compare relative
smoking/burn behavior. This method neither implies nor sets a standard level for visible smoke
emissions for any candle type or formulation.
1. Scope F 1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and
Associated Accessory Items
1.1 This test method covers the collection and analysis of
PS 59 Provisional Specification for Fire Safety for Candles
visible emissions from indoor use candles as they burn.
1.2 The test is to be used to compare relative smoke/burn
3. Terminology
behavior during development of candle designs and formula-
3.1 See Guide F 1972 for definitions of terms not specified
tions.
in 3.2.
1.3 This test method may not be suitable for multiple wick
3.2 Definitions:
candles; tapers and candles intended to be burned while
3.2.1 burn cycle—lengthoftimethecandleisburnedduring
floating on water commonly known as “floaters.”
one test day. For this test, a burn cycle is 4 h (see Provisional
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Specification PS 59).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 burn period—total time the candle is burned over the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
duration of the test. For this test, the burn period will be 16 h.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.3 fuel pool establishment period—time, 15 min or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
longer, before each burn cycle that a candle must be burned to
2. Referenced Documents establish a normal fuel pool and stable flame.
2 3.2.4 molten fuel pool—portion of the wax or fuel pool of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
candle that is in the liquid form when the candle is burning.
3.2.5 optical densitometer—instrument used for determin-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on
ingtheopticaldensityinthetransmittanceorreflectancemode.
Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 on
3.2.6 top of the candle—theuppermostpartofthecandleor
Candle Products.
container.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published February 2004.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.7 visible emissions—emissions that can be seen once
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
collected on a substrate.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2326–04
4. Summary of Test Method 8. Preparation of Apparatus
4.1 The visible emissions from a candle are collected on a 8.1 Prior to sampling, wipe microscope slides with a suit-
transparent media over the specified burn period. The emis- able lint free wipe to remove dust or fingerprints, or both.
sions can then be assigned a relative value as a function of 8.2 Attach the microscope slide in a flat horizontal position
opacity using a densitometer for a given testing sequence.
in a ring stand clamp. The microscope slide should be parallel
with the ground and as close to level as possible.
5. Significance and Use
8.3 Place the candle(s) to be tested in a chamber or room
with minimal drafts on a level-burning surface. The tempera-
5.1 The intent of this test method is to aid the candle
...

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ASTM F2326-04(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Collection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candles as They Burn

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The intent of this test method is to aid the candle manufacturer to optimize candle formulations in the reduction of visible smoke emissions.  
5.2 This test method is intended to provide candle manufacturers a standard procedure to use during development of candle designs and formulations to compare relative smoke/burn behavior. For the development of this method, a protocol was established for trimming the wick on specially prepared test candles to 6 mm to 7 mm (1/4 in.) prior to each burn cycle. It is recommended that the manufacturer determine a standardized protocol, that is, either not trimming the wick or trimming the wick to an appropriate length in order for direct comparison of results.  
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5.1 This practice may be used to collect dust from carpeted or bare floor surfaces for gravimetric or chemical analysis. The collected sample is substantially unmodified by the sampling procedure.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the collection of a sample of dust from carpets and bare floors that can be analyzed for inorganic metals such as lead and organic compounds such as pesticides and other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs).  
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1.5 This practice describes use of a sampling device, the High-Volume Small Surface Sampler (HVS3). Other event-based sampling devices that use commercially available vacuum attachments are not in scope. Composite sampling using whole vacuum cleaner bags is not in scope. Other approaches for floor or non-floor surface sampling (Practices D6966, D6661, D7144) are not within the scope.  
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3.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to help users understand and apply the large number of specialized terms used in connection with the management of lead hazards by providing a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.  
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5.1 This test method determines the comparative performance of filter media. The results can be used for design, manufacturing, construction and selection of filter media.  
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4.1 This practice provides the basic criteria to be used by accreditation bodies and others in evaluating the qualifications of laboratories engaged in the testing of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures. The criteria in this practice shall be supplemented by additional specific criteria and requirements, when appropriate; for example, when necessary to be in accordance with federal, state, or local government regulations.  
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5.1 The measurement of particulate matter and collected residue emission rates is an important test widely used in the practice of air pollution control. Particulate matter measurements after control devices are necessary to determine total emission rates to the atmosphere.  
5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal and state agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining compliance with regulations and statutes.  
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SCOPE
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1.5 These test methods are also applicable for determining compliance with regulations and statutes limiting particulate matter existing in stack gases when approved by federal or state agencies.  
1.6 The particulate matter and collected residue samples collected by these test methods may be used for subsequent size and chemical analysis.  
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5.1 The metal loss from corrosion is directly related to the increase in electrical resistance of the target due to the decrease in conductive cross-sectional area.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI10.)  
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1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
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5.1 The intent of this test method is to aid the candle manufacturer to optimize candle formulations in the reduction of visible smoke emissions.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the collection and analysis of visible emissions from indoor use candles as they burn.  
1.2 The test is to be used to compare relative smoke/burn behavior during development of candle designs and formulations.  
1.3 This test method may not be suitable for multiple wick candles; tapers and candles intended to be burned while floating on water commonly known as “floaters.”  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2558-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in Wood-Burning Fireplaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission factors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fireplaces.  
5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.  
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.  
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patterns must be factored into any prediction of atmospheric particulate matter impacts from fireplaces based on results from this method.  
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per hour.  
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from non-heating appliances: grams per kilogram.  
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in: grams per hour.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from wood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces. The fueling and operating protocol for determining particular matter emissions from masonry or other high mass fireplaces is covered in Annex A1 of this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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