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ASTM E103-84(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2011)

Standard Test Method for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2011)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used when it is desired to make hardness tests very rapidly, as in the inspection of the output of a heat-treating furnace.
This test method is not to be regarded as a standard Brinell hardness test method.
Since the test forces and method of display of the depth measurement differ between manufacturers of rapid indentation hardness testing equipment, the test results from equipment from different manufacturers are not comparable. A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND TEST PROCEDURE   Top
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rapid indentation hardness testing of metallic materials as an alternative to Test Method E 10 on standard Brinell hardness. It includes methods for the verification of rapid indentation hardness testing machines, Part B, and the calibration of reference hardness test blocks, Part C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the procedure for rapid indentation hardness testing of metallic materials as an alternative to Test Method E10 on standard Brinell hardness. It includes methods for the verification of rapid indentation hardness testing machines, Part B, and the calibration of reference hardness test blocks, Part C.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing, this test method was withdrawn in July 2011 in accordance with section 10.6.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-1984
Withdrawal Date
20-Jul-2011
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E103-12 - Standard Practice for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012

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ASTM E103-84(2002) - Standard Test Method for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2011)ASTM E103-84(2002) - Standard Test Method for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2011)
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ASTM E103-84(2002) - Standard Test Method for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2011)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E103–84(Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E103; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.3 verification—checking or testing to assure confor-
mance with the requirements of the method.
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rapid inden-
tationhardnesstestingofmetallicmaterialsasanalternativeto
4. Significance and Use
Test Method E10 on standard Brinell hardness. It includes
4.1 This test method is used when it is desired to make
methods for the verification of rapid indentation hardness
hardnesstestsveryrapidly,asintheinspectionoftheoutputof
testing machines, Part B, and the calibration of reference
a heat-treating furnace.
hardness test blocks, Part C.
4.2 This test method is not to be regarded as a standard
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Brinell hardness test method.
standard.
4.3 Since the test forces and method of display of the depth
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measurement differ between manufacturers of rapid indenta-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tion hardness testing equipment, the test results from equip-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ment from different manufacturers are not comparable.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND TEST
PROCEDURE
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Apparatus
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
5.1 Testing Machine—Equipment for rapid indentation
E10 TestMethodforBrinellHardnessofMetallicMaterials
hardness testing is used essentially to measure hardness by
determining the depth of indentation of a penetrator into the
3. Terminology
specimen. The test force can be applied either as a single total
3.1 Definitions:
test force whereby the depth is measured usually from the
3.1.1 calibration—determination of the values of the sig-
surface of the test specimen or as a preliminary and total test
nificant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a
force whereby the depth is measured as the increase from the
reference instrument or by a set of reference standards.
preliminary to the total test force. The magnitude of the
3.1.2 rapid indentation hardness test—an indentation hard-
indenting test force or test forces is determined by agreement.
ness test using calibrated machines to force a hard steel or
The design and construction of the testing machine shall be
carbide ball, under specified conditions, into the surface of the
such that no rotational or lateral movement of the indenter or
materialundertestandtomeasurethedepthoftheindentation.
test specimen occurs while the test force is being applied or
The depth measured can be from the surface of the test
removed.
specimen or from a reference position established by the
5.2 Penetrator:
application of a preliminary test force.
5.2.1 The standard ball penetrator shall be 10 mm in
diameter. Other values of ball penetrator may be used as
provided in 7.1.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on
5.2.2 The balls used shall be free of surface imperfections
Indentation Hardness Testing.
and conform to the requirements prescribed in 13.1.2.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2002. Published February 2002. Originally
´1 5.3 Mechanism for Measuring the Depth of the
published as E103–84. Last previous edition E103–84(1989) . DOI: 10.1520/
E0103-84R02. Indentation—The depth of the indentation is determined by a
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
measuring device that shall conform to the requirements
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
prescribed in 13.1.3.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E103–84 (2002)
5.4 When diameters of indentations are measured to ascer- 9. Report
tain the accuracy of hardness values of test specimens or of
9.1 Report the following information:
reference hardness test blocks, the measuring microscope shall
9.1.1 The test force (or test forces when preliminary and
complywith3.3ofTestMethodE10andcomparablevaluesas
total test forces are applied) in kilogram-force,
determined from Table1 of Test Method E10.
9.1.2 The diameter of the ball penetrator and whether steel
or carbide balls are being used, and
6. Test Specimens
9.1.3 The depth of penetration in millimetres, or either a
6.1 Finish—When necessary, the surface on which the
converted Brinell hardness number or other hardness number
indentation is to be made shall be filed, ground, machined, or
established by the manufacturer. In the last two cases, the
polished with an abrasive material.The surface in contact with
hardness relationship shall be reported or referenced.
the test support shall be clean, dry, and free of any conditions
which may affect the test results. 10. Precision and Bias
6.2 Thickness—The thickness of the specimen shall be at
10.1 Precision—Since the test results are not comparable
least ten times the depth of the indentation and such that no
betweenequipmentfromdifferentmanufacturers,aninterlabo-
bulgeorothermarkshowingtheeffectofthetestforceappears
ratorycomparisontestprogramisnotappropriate.Therefore,a
on the side of the piece opposite the indentation.
precision statement cannot be determined for this test method.
10.2 Bias—There is no basis for defining the bias for this
7. Procedure
test method.
7.1 Magnitude of Test Force—The total test force is usually
3000, 1500, or 500 kgf (29.42, 14.71, or 4.903 kN). The
B. VERIFICATION OF RAPID INDENTATION
preliminary test force, if used, is usually determined by test HARDNESS TESTING MACHINES
requirements. It is desirable that the total test force be of such
11. Scope
magnitude that the diameter of the indentation ranges from
25.0 to 60.0% of the ball diameter (for example, 2.50 to 6.00 11.1 Part B covers two procedures for the verification of
mm in the case of the 10-mm diameter penetrator). Table 1 rapid indentation hardness testing machines. These are as
givesthepreferredtotaltestforceandBrinellhardnessnumber follows:
11.1.1 Separate verification of test force application, pen-
with the 10-mm diameter penetrator. For certain sizes and
conditions of test specimens, it may be desirable to use etrator, and depth-measuring device.
11.1.2 Verification by reference test block method.
different test forces and penetrators with diameters smaller or
larger than 10 mm; in these cases it is recommended that the 11.2 New or rebuilt machines shall be checked by the
separate verification method.
following relationships be maintained between the diameter of
the ball, D, measured in kilograms, and the applied test force, 11.3 Machines in use in production testing may be checked
by either method.
P, measured in kilograms-force:
Range (Brinell Hardness Number) P/D
12. General Requirements
96 to 600 30
48 to 300 15
12.1 Before a rapid indentation hardness testing machine is
16 to 100 5
verified, examine the machine to ensure the following:
7.2 Spacing of Indentations—The distance from the center
12.1.1 Set up the machine properly.
of the indentation to the edge of the specimen, or edge of
12.1.2 Mounttheballholder,withanewball,intheplunger.
anotherindentation,shallbeatleasttwoandone-halftimesthe
...

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This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
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3.2 Portable hardness testers, by their nature, induce variation that could influence the test results; therefore, hardness measurements made in accordance with this test method are not considered to meet the requirements of E10 or E18. The user should compare the results of the precision and bias studies in E110, E10 and E18 to understand the differences in results expected between portable and fixed instruments.  
3.3 Two test parameters that can significantly influence the measurement accuracy when using portable hardness testers are the alignment of the indenter to the test surface and the timing of the test forces. The user is cautioned to do everything possible to keep the centerline of the indenter perpendicular to the test surface and to apply the test forces using the same time cycle as defined in Test Method E10 or Test Methods E18.  
3.4 Portable hardness testers are delicate instruments that are subject to damage when they are moved from one test site to another. Therefore, repeating the daily verification process during the testing sequence is recommended to insure that they are working properly.  
3.5 Hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines the requirements for portable instruments that are intended to be used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by performing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field or outside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of the test piece prevents it from being tested on a standard E10 or E18 hardness tester.  
1.2 The principles used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness are the same as those defined in the E18 standard test method for Rockwell or E10 standard test method for Brinell.  
Note 1: Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred to in this test method as the standard methods.  
1.3 The portable hardness testers covered by this test method are verified only by the indirect verification method. Although the portable hardness testers are designed to employ the same test conditions as those defined in the standard test methods, the forces applied by the portable Rockwell and Brinell testers and the depth measuring systems of the portable Rockwell testers may not meet the tolerance requirements of the standard methods. Portable hardness testers shall use indenters that meet the requirements of the standard test methods.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to portable hardness testers that measure hardness by a means or procedure that is different than those defined in E10 or E18 For example, this test method does not apply to the methods defined in ASTM standard Practice A833, Test Methods A956 and A1038 or B647.  
1.5 A report section is included to define how to indicate that the test result was obtained by using a portable device that conforms to this document.  
1.6 Annex A1 is included that defines the periodic indirect verification and daily verification requirements for these instruments.  
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Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. No reversal of the bend force shall be employed when conducting these tests.  
5.2 The type of bend test used determines the location of the forces and constraints on the bent portion of the specimen, ranging from no direct contact to continuous contact.  
5.3 The test can terminate at a given angle of bend over a specified radius of bend or continue until the specimen legs are in contact. The angle of bend can be measured while the specimen is under the bending force (usually when the semi-guided bend test is employed), or after removal of the force as when performing a free-bend test. Product requirements for the material being tested determine the method used.  
5.4 Materials with an as-fabricated cross section of rectangular, round, hexagonal, or similar defined shape can be tested in full section to evaluate their bend properties by using the procedures outlined in these test methods, in which case relative width and thickness requirements do not apply.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover bend testing for ductility of materials. Included in the procedures are four conditions of constraint on the bent portion of the specimen; a guided-bend test using a mandrel or plunger of defined dimensions to force the mid-length of the specimen between two supports separated by a defined space; a semi-guided bend test in which the specimen is bent, while in contact with a mandrel, through a specified angle of bend or to a specified inside radius of bend (r) measured while under the bending force; a free-bend test in which the ends of the specimen are brought toward each other, but in which no transverse force is applied to the bend itself and there is no contact of the concave inside surface of the bend with other material; a bend-and-flatten test, in which a transverse force is applied to the bend such that the legs make contact with each other over the length of the specimen.  
1.2 After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularities. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or surface irregularities visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product specification. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound values given in parentheses were used in establishing test parameters and are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E18-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.  
4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:    
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece  
Annex A5  
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A6  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.  
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p...

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ASTM
ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.  
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece  
Annex A2  
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines  
Appendix X3  
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.  
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.  
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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