ASTM E3265-21
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming Tendency
Standard Guide for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming Tendency
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The process of recirculating MWFs entrains air bubbles which can accumulate, forming foam.
4.2 Optimally, air bubbles burst open quickly after they are created. However, air bubble persistence is affected by MWF chemistry and the mechanisms by which energy is introduced into recirculating MWFs.
4.2.1 The primary mechanisms imparting energy into recirculating MWFs are:
4.2.1.1 Turbulent Flow—The high velocity (typically >0.75 m3 min–1; >200 gal min–1).
4.2.1.2 Impaction—Energy generated when MWF strikes the tool-workpiece zone.
4.2.1.3 Centrifugal Force—MWF moved by the force of rotating tools or work pieces.
4.3 When air bubbles persist, they tend to accumulate as foam. Persistent foam can:
4.3.1 Inhibit heat transfer;
4.3.2 Cause pump impeller cavitation;
4.3.3 Foul filters;
4.3.4 Overflow from MWF sumps;
4.3.5 Prevent proper lubrication;
4.3.6 Contribute to MWF mist formation, including bioaerosol dispersion; and
4.3.7 Contribute to safety and hygiene hazards in the plant.
4.4 To prevent the adverse effects of MWF foam accumulation, chemical agents are either formulated into MWF concentrate, added tankside, or both.
4.5 Laboratory tests are used to predict MWF foaming characteristics in end-use applications. However, no individual test is universally appropriate.
4.6 This guide reviews test protocols commonly in use to evaluate end-use diluted MWF foaming tendency and the impact of foam-control agents on MWF foaming tendency.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.
1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.
1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range of dilution water quality are highly recommended.
1.6 The temperature of the tested fluids can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, test fluids should be held and tested at temperatures that closely mimic the real-world application and process.
1.7 Cleanliness of test apparatus is critical during foam evaluation testing. Traces of residue on labware can significantly impact the observed foaming tendency of a test fluid. Best practice is to clean any glassware or other vessels using some version of a chemical cleaner that will alleviate any risk of cross contamination.
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate sa...
General Information
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3265 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming
1
Tendency
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3265; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 Cleanliness of test apparatus is critical during foam
evaluation testing. Traces of residue on labware can signifi-
1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency
cantly impact the observed foaming tendency of a test fluid.
evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.
Best practice is to clean any glassware or other vessels using
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were with-
some version of a chemical cleaner that will alleviate any risk
drawn in 2013.Although each method had some utility, neither
of cross contamination.
method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is
this standard.
also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally
suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(MWF) foaming tendency. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
testing.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
room temperature for at least one week before diluting for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions
have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach
2. Referenced Documents
particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat
D3519 Test Method for Foam in Aqueous Media (Blender
aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.
3
Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on
D3601 Test Method for Foam In Aqueous Media (Bottle
foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with
3
Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft,
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the
tions
expected range of dilution water quality are highly recom-
mended.
3. Terminology
1.6 The temperature of the tested fluids can have a major
3.1 Definitions:
impact on foaming properties. In general, test fluids should be
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this method, refer to
held and tested at temperatures that closely mimic the real-
Terminology E2523.
world application and process.
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E34 on Occupational For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
HealthandSafetyandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE34.50onHealth contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E3265 – 20. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E3265-21. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 -----------
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3265 − 20 E3265 − 21
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming
1
Tendency
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3265; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2018.2013. Although each method had some utility, neither
method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more
predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally
suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.
1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead it is
important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.
1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly
prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This
ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium.
During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw
treatment.
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard
water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range
of dilution water quality are highly recommended.
1.6 The temperature of the tested fluids can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, test fluids should be held and
tested at temperatures that closely mimic the real-world application and process.
1.7 Cleanliness of test apparatus is critical during foam evaluation testing. Traces of residue on labware can significantly impact
the observed foaming tendency of a test fluid. Best practice is to clean any glassware or other vessels using some version of a
chemical cleaner that will alleviate any risk of cross contamination.
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Health and
Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020April 1, 2021. Published December 2020April 2021. Originally approved in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
E3265 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/E3265-20.10.1520/E3265-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3265 − 21
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials
3
D3519 Test Method for Foam in Aqueous Media (Blender Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
3
D3601 Test Method for Foam In Aqueous Media (Bottle Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
D7049 Test Method for Metalworking Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
E2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Fo
...
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