E34 - Occupational Health and Safety

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the gravimetric measurement4 of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmospheres.  
5.2 This test method provides total particulate matter concentrations for comparison with historical exposure databases collected with the same technology.  
5.3 This test method provides an extension to current non-standardized methods by adding an extractable mass concentration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal fluid aerosols.  
5.4 This test method does not address differences between metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a broad spectrum of solvent polarity to adequately remove many of the current fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol.5  
5.5 This test method does not identify or quantify any specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors.  
5.6 This test method does not address the loss of semivolatile compounds from the filter during or after collection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metalworking fluid aerosol concentrations in the range of 0.07 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.  
1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.  
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved with both metalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.  
3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary communications.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the metalworking industry.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metalworking fluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.  
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the practice of metalworking fluid management.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice allows for the recovery and enumeration of viable and culturable, non-tuberculosis, rapidly growing Mycobacteria  (M. immunogenum, M. chelonae, M. absessus, M. fortuitum, and M. smegmatis) in the presence of high Gram-negative background populations in metalworking fluid field samples. This population is predominantly comprised of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Mycobacterial contamination of metalworking fluids has been putatively associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) amongst metalgrinding machinists. The detection and enumeration of these organisms will aid in better understanding of occupational health-related problems and a better assessment of antimicrobial pesticide efficacy.  
5.2 The measurement of viable and culturable mycobacterial densities (Guide E1326), combined with the total mycobacterial counts (including viable culturable (VC), viable nonculturable (VNC) and nonviable (NV) counts), is usually the first step in establishing any possible relationship between Mycobacteria and occupational health concerns (for example, HP).  
5.3 The practice can be employed in survey studies to characterize the viable-culturable mycobacterial population densities of metalworking fluid field samples.  
5.4 This practice is also applicable for establishing the mycobacterial resistance of metalworking fluid formulations by determining mycobacterium survival by means of plate count technique.  
5.5 This practice can also be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria in metalworking fluids.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the detection and enumeration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacteria (RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aqueous metalworking fluids (MWF) in the presence of high non-mycobacterial background population using standard microbiological culture methods.  
1.2 The detection limit is one colony forming unit (CFU)/mL metalworking fluid.  
1.3 This practice involves culture of organisms classified as Level 2 pathogens, and should be undertaken by a trained microbiologist in an appropriately equipped facility. The microbiologist should also be capable of distinguishing the diverse colonies of Mycobacteria from other microorganism colonies on a Petri dish and capable of confirming Mycobacteria by acid-fast staining method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal environment has been associated with adverse respiratory effects.  
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal environment.  
4.3 Through implementation of this practice, users should be able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation and disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid management program, appropriate product selection, appropriate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and control of microorganisms.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory hazards in the metal removal environment.  
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis, which is the subject of Practice E2693, but it does adopt a similar systems management approach with many control elements in common.  
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhalation of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.  
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations (such as cutting, drilling, milling, or grinding) that remove metal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking fluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such as stamping, rolling, forging, or casting) that use metalworking fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of metalworking fluid operations are not included in this document because of limited information on health effects, including epidemiology studies, and on control technologies. Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and guidance contained in this document may be useful for managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of metalworking fluids.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurement of mycobacterial cell count densities is an important step in establishing a possible relationship between mycobacteria and occupational health-related allergic responses, for example, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in persons exposed to aerosols of metalworking fluids. It is known that the viable mycobacteria count underestimates the total mycobacterial levels by not counting the non-culturable, possibly dead or moribund population that is potentially equally important in the investigation of occupational health-related problems. The direct microscopic counting method (DMC) described here gives a quantitative assessment of the total numbers of acid-fast bacilli. It involves using acid-fast staining to selectively identify mycobacteria from other bacteria, followed by enumeration or direct microscopic counting of a known volume over a known area. Although other microbes—particularly the Actinomycetes—also stain acid-fast, they are differentiated from the mycobacteria because of their morphology and size. Non-mycobacteria, acid-fast microbes are 50 to 100 times larger than mycobacteria. This practice provides quantitative information on the total (culturable and non-culturable viable, and non-viable) mycobacteria populations. The results are expressed quantitatively as mycobacteria per mL of metalworking fluid sample.  
5.2 The DMC method using the acid-fast staining technique is a semi-quantitative method with a relatively fast turnaround time.  
5.3 The DMC method can also be employed in field survey studies to characterize the changes in total mycobacteria densities of metalworking fluid systems over a long period of time.  
5.4 The sensitivity detection limit of the DMC method depends on the MF and the sample volume (direct or centrifuged, etc.) examined.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a direct microscopic counting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid-fast stained mycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It can be used to detect levels of total mycobacteria population, including culturable as well as non-culturable (possibly dead or moribund) bacterial cells. This practice is recommended for all water-based metalworking fluids (Classification D2881).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For additional safety information, see Laboratory Safety: Principle and Practices, 4th Edition.2  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application of this guide will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metalworking fluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices. A water-miscible metalworking fluid is a concentrate designed to be diluted in water for use.  
4.2 Water-miscible metalworking fluids are complex chemical mixtures. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard (see A1.8) outlines procedures for the hazard determination of mixtures and states that if a mixture has not been tested as a whole, then the mixture shall be assumed to present the same hazards as do the components that comprise 1 % (by weight or volume) or greater of the mixture, except that the mixture shall be assumed to present a carcinogenic hazard if it contains a component in concentrations of 0.1 % or greater, which is considered to be a carcinogen (as defined in OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200). The determination of when to test a mixture as a whole and which toxicity tests are appropriate for the product must be made by a health professional qualified in evaluating toxicological data.  
4.3 Acute toxicology testing of water-miscible metalworking fluids consists of several individual tests including acute oral, dermal, or inhalation toxicity, eye irritation, skin irritation or corrosion, or both, skin sensitization, and sensory irritation. Certain protocols for acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity tests are limit tests; further multi-dose testing (for example, Test Method E1103) should take place if mortality is noted on any of these tests. The referenced protocols specify the species and number of animals required. Selection of tests conducted should be designed to minimize the number of animals used.  
4.3.1 Acute Oral Toxicity—Acute oral toxicity tests (see A1.1) provide information on health hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure by the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth the references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metalworking fluids as manufactured.  
1.2 Although water-miscible metalworking fluids are typically used at high dilution, dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to the metalworking fluid as manufactured.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use of this practice will improve management and control of metal removal fluids. The proper management and use will reduce dermal and other occupational hazards associated with these fluids.  
4.1.1 Guide E2148 covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids, including this document. Documents referenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable to producers, to users, or to all.  
4.1.2 Practices E2693 and E2889 augment the information provided in this practice by providing information on prevention of dermatitis and on approaches to reducing exposures to different types of metal removal fluid related aerosols.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection and safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials. This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.  
1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution, and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and antimicrobials.  
1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils of animal or vegetable origin, including oils that are modified for performance characteristics (for example, esterified rapeseed oil, and so forth). Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oil formulations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice summarizes the steps in the antimicrobial pesticide selection process, reviewing technical and regulatory considerations inherent in the process. It complements and amplifies information provided in Practice E1497.  
5.1.1 Steps in the antimicrobial selection process include: needs identification, use strategy selection, efficacy testing, chemical compatibility testing, regulatory consideration review, handling, and disposal issue review.  
5.2 This practice provides stakeholders in the microbicide selection process an overview of its complexities, including the process of obtaining pesticide registration from cognizant governing bodies.  
5.3 Personnel responsible for antimicrobial pesticide selection will be able to use this practice as a roadmap through the process.  
5.4 Personnel responsible for industrial hygiene, product or plant management will gain insight to the tradeoffs attendant with antimicrobial use and selection.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides recommendations for selecting antimicrobial pesticides (microbicides) for use in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF). It presents information regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technical factors including target microbes, efficacy, and chemical compatibility.  
1.2 This guide is not an encyclopedic compilation of all the concepts and terminology used by chemists, microbiologists, toxicologists, formulators, plant engineers, and regulatory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticide selection and application. Instead, it provides a general understanding of the selection process and its supporting considerations.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide guidance on the safe operation of table saws.  
4.2 This guide deals with hazards relevant to table saws when they are used as intended by the manufacturer and under conditions of reasonably foreseeable misuse.  
4.3 Table saws are multi-purpose tools, configurable for multiple uses/operations. This document describes the accepted best practices for safe operation of the tool.  
4.4 This guide does not and is not meant to supersede safety instructions provided in manufacturers’ product use instructions or manuals.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information promoting the safe use of table saws based on recommended practices in the United States, but may not reflect practices outside of the U.S. This guide includes the following activities:  
1.1.1 Installation;  
1.1.2 Setup;  
1.1.3 Operation; and  
1.1.4 Maintenance.  
1.2 This guide is intended to be used by table saw operators as well as employers who utilize table saws in their operations.  
1.3 This guide applies to the use of electric motor-operated, cord-connected, or permanently connected table saws intended for cutting wood and analogous materials, plastics, and nonferrous metals except magnesium, used in the following applications:  
1.3.1 Consumer;  
1.3.2 Industrial; and  
1.3.3 Commercial (for example, governmental, educational, or business).  
1.4 This guide does not apply to:  
1.4.1 Handheld tools;  
1.4.2 Table saws with an automatic feeding device;  
1.4.3 Table saws fitted with abrasive wheels for cutting or surface finishing;  
1.4.4 Table saws intended to cut ferrous metals, magnesium, or both;  
1.4.5 Table saws with more than one spindle such as for a scoring blade; and  
1.4.6 Sawmills.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices and criteria were developed for occupational exposures. They are intended to (1) protect against clinical disease from exposure to respirable crystalline silica, (2) be measurable by techniques that are valid, reproducible, and readily available, and (3) be attainable with existing technology and protective practices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a description of several actions that should be taken to reduce the risk of harmful occupational exposures to humans in environments containing respirable crystalline silica. This practice is intended for, but not limited to, industries regulated by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). A separate practice designed for the unique conditions of the construction industry has been designated Practice E2625.  
1.2 Nothing in this practice shall be interpreted as requiring any action that violates any statute or requirement of any federal, state, or other regulatory agency.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Endotoxins in metalworking fluid aerosols present potential respiratory health hazards to workers who inhale them. Therefore, a consensus standard is needed to provide reliable data on workplace airborne endotoxin concentrations where metalworking fluids are used.  
5.2 This practice for measuring airborne endotoxin concentrations in metalworking fluid atmospheres will help to foster a better understanding of endotoxin exposure-response relationships.  
5.3 This practice facilitates comparisons of interlaboratory data from methods and field investigative studies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in poly-disperse metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.  
1.2 Users of this practice may obtain personal or area exposure data of endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols, either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.  
1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.  
1.4 This practice seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.  
1.5 It is anticipated that this practice will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from metalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling, extraction, and analytical methods.  
1.6 In 1997, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) empanelled a Standards Advisory Committee to make recommendations to the Administration regarding measures that the Administration could take to improve the health of workers exposed to metalworking fluids. A report to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA was submitted in July 1999. Subcommittee E34.50 believes that the user community would benefit significantly if a standard method was developed to give the community guidance on a methodology for the sampling and analysis of personal airborne endotoxin exposure assessments in facilities using water-miscible metal removal fluids, based on the LAL assay or other endotoxin detection technologies as they become available.  
1.7 This practice does not attempt to set or imply limits for personal exposure to endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace environments.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.  
4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties such as non-governmental organizations.  
4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may each want to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable to them:  
4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:  
4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids:  
4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella  mutagenesis assay of Ames et al.7 (see also Maron et al.).8 It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.  
4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids:  
4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.
4.4.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method measures the concentration of ATP present in the sample. ATP is a constituent of all living cells, including bacteria and fungi. Consequently, the presence of ATP is an indicator of total microbial contamination in metalworking fluids. ATP is not associated with matter of non-biological origin.  
5.2 Test Method D4012 validated ATP as a surrogate for culturable bacterial data (Guide E1326).  
5.3 This method differs from Test Method D4012 in that it eliminates interferences that have historically rendered ATP testing unusable with complex organic fluids such as MWFs.  
5.4 The ATP test provides rapid test results that reflect the total bioburden in the sample. It thereby reduces the delay between test initiation and data capture, from the 36 h to 48 h (or longer) required for culturable colonies to become visible, to approximately 5 min.  
5.5 Although ATP data generally covary with culture data in MWF,4 different factors affect ATP concentration than those that affect culturability.  
5.5.1 Culturability is affected primarily by the ability of captured microbes to proliferate on the growth medium provided, under specific growth conditions. It has been estimated that less than 1 % of the species present in an environmental sample will form colonies under any given set of growth conditions.5  
5.5.2 ATP concentration is affected by: the microbial species present, the physiological states of those species, and the total bioburden (see Appendix X1).
5.5.2.1 One example of the species effect is that the amount of ATP per cell is substantially greater for fungi than bacteria.
5.5.2.2 Within a species, cells that are more metabolically active will have more ATP per cell than dormant cells.
5.5.2.3 The greater the total bioburden, the greater the ATP concentration in a sample.  
5.5.3 The possibility exists that the rinse step (11.15) may not eliminate all chemical substances that can interfere with the bioluminescence reaction (11.39).
5.5.3...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a protocol for capturing, extracting, and quantifying the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content associated with microorganisms found in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWFs).  
1.2 The ATP is measured using a bioluminescence enzyme assay, whereby light is generated in amounts proportional to the concentration of ATP in the samples. The light is produced and measured quantitatively as relative light units (RLUs) which are converted by comparison with an ATP standard and computation to pg ATP/mL.  
1.3 This test method is equally suitable for use in the laboratory or field.  
1.4 The test method detects ATP concentrations in the range of 4.0 pg ATP/mL to 400 000 pg ATP/mL.  
1.5 Providing interferences can be overcome, bioluminescence is a reliable and proven method for qualifying and quantifying ATP. The method does not differentiate between ATP from different sources, for example, from different types of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of endotoxin concentrations in MWF is a parameter that can be used in decision-making for prudent fluid management practices (fluid draining, cleaning, recharging, or biocide dosages).  
5.2 This standard provides a practice for analysts who perform quantitative endotoxin analyses of water-miscible MWF.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).  
1.2 Users of this practice need to be familiar with the handling of MWF.  
1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration in the sampled MWF.  
1.4 This practice replaces Method E2250.  
1.5 This practice seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation of endotoxin data but does not ensure uniformity of results.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to describe heat management program elements that foundries use to prevent or manage heat strain and heat-related illness. Specifically, the guide:  
4.1.1 Provides an objective framework for recognizing heat stress and heat strain, and  
4.1.2 Facilitates use of best practices to manage heat exposures to minimize heat strain and prevent heat-related illness.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to establish best practices for recognizing and managing occupational heat stress and heat strain in foundry environments.  
1.2 Objectives of the foundry heat stress and heat strain management guide are as follows:  
1.2.1 Provide an objective framework for recognizing heat stress and heat strain, and  
1.2.2 Facilitate use of best practices to manage heat exposures to minimize heat strain and prevent heat-related illness.  
1.3 In this guide, procedures necessary to manage heat stress and heat strain in foundries are described.  
1.4 Key elements of this guide include definitions of heat stress and heat strain, plus techniques for recognizing, communicating, managing, and controlling heat stress and heat strain to prevent heat-related illnesses.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of consensus definitions of terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to occupational health and safety.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The process of recirculating MWFs entrains air bubbles which can accumulate, forming foam.  
4.2 Optimally, air bubbles burst open quickly after they are created. However, air bubble persistence is affected by MWF chemistry and the mechanisms by which energy is introduced into recirculating MWFs.  
4.2.1 The primary mechanisms imparting energy into recirculating MWFs are:
4.2.1.1 Turbulent Flow—The high velocity (typically >0.75 m3 min–1; >200 gal min–1).
4.2.1.2 Impaction—Energy generated when MWF strikes the tool-workpiece zone.
4.2.1.3 Centrifugal Force—MWF moved by the force of rotating tools or work pieces.  
4.3 When air bubbles persist, they tend to accumulate as foam. Persistent foam can:  
4.3.1 Inhibit heat transfer;  
4.3.2 Cause pump impeller cavitation;  
4.3.3 Foul filters;  
4.3.4 Overflow from MWF sumps;  
4.3.5 Prevent proper lubrication;  
4.3.6 Contribute to MWF mist formation, including bioaerosol dispersion; and  
4.3.7 Contribute to safety and hygiene hazards in the plant.  
4.4 To prevent the adverse effects of MWF foam accumulation, chemical agents are either formulated into MWF concentrate, added tankside, or both.  
4.5 Laboratory tests are used to predict MWF foaming characteristics in end-use applications. However, no individual test is universally appropriate.  
4.6 This guide reviews test protocols commonly in use to evaluate end-use diluted MWF foaming tendency and the impact of foam-control agents on MWF foaming tendency.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.  
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.  
1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.  
1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.  
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range of dilution water quality are highly recommended.  
1.6 The temperature of the tested fluids can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, test fluids should be held and tested at temperatures that closely mimic the real-world application and process.  
1.7 Cleanliness of test apparatus is critical during foam evaluation testing. Traces of residue on labware can significantly impact the observed foaming tendency of a test fluid. Best practice is to clean any glassware or other vessels using some version of a chemical cleaner that will alleviate any risk of cross contamination.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate sa...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is designed to help identify and integrate affected stakeholder interests and to include relevant scientific and technical information when developing occupational safety and health standards that include or are proposed to include an OEG.  
5.2 This guide shall be used when updating an occupational safety and health standard containing an OEG.  
5.3 While use of the CBSD process is required for occupational safety and health standards that include an OEG, it may also be used to improve stakeholder involvement and technical input for other occupational safety and health standards.  
5.4 The CBSD process is intended:
(1) To obtain representation on the committee or subcommittee from sectors that are substantially impacted by a specific standard project; and
(2) To obtain adequate input when the project requires review and analysis of information that is highly technical, very specialized, or not widely available.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a framework for a stakeholder-focused, consensus-based decision-making process for occupational safety and health standard development activities that include adoption or development of occupational exposure guidelines (OEGs) as a part of occupational health and safety standards.  
1.2 This guide applies to safety and health standard development activities in which an occupational exposure guideline will be included as one element of a comprehensive standard that addresses safety and health management strategies such as communication, monitoring, and controls. It is not meant to be used to develop an OEG apart from the context of such management strategies. In cases where other occupational exposure limit (OEL) establishing bodies have developed OELs, those may be reviewed, assimilated, or adapted rather than recreated ab initio.  
1.3 This guide does not replace existing consensus-based decision-making or committee participation processes that are used to develop safety and health standards. It is intended to be used in conjunction with such processes to improve scientific and technical input and stakeholder involvement in occupational safety and health decision-making for such standards.  
1.4 Limitations—This guide does not prescribe specific methods for generating or evaluating scientific and technical data related to assessing a particular occupational safety and health issue. Occupational safety and health standards apply to a wide variety of substances and occupational exposure circumstances. It is not possible to anticipate all situations where an OEG may be useful for a standard. This guide will be helpful in promoting appropriate balance and input, but the consensus process must deal with real-world complexities that individual standards may involve.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The goal of this guide is to aid in the selection of PPE for the handling of glass that will best protect the affected employee from the remaining hazards identified in the local hazard assessment process.  
4.2 This guide assumes that a proper hazard assessment has been conducted, the hazards have been mitigated to the greatest extent possible by non-PPE means (engineering, administrative, or work practice controls), and a hazard still exists that can only feasibly be controlled by the use of PPE.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for proper personal protective equipment (PPE) for the safe handling of flat glass.  
1.2 Purpose—When engineering, administrative, and work practice controls are not feasible, the remaining hazard must be controlled with personal protective equipment (PPE). This guide will provide direction on what PPE should be utilized. Following this guidance will help to minimize the possibility or severity of injuries, or both, to personnel while working with or in the vicinity of flat glass.  
1.3 Nothing in this guide shall be interpreted as requiring any action that violates any statute or requirement of any federal, state, or other regulatory agency.  
1.4 This guide may be used by employers and employees. The required PPE shall be evaluated on a regular basis to determine suitability.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is based on a modification of the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay. As modified, there is good correlation with mouse skin-painting bioassay results for samples of raw and refined lubricating oil process streams.  
5.2 Mutagenic potency in this modified assay and carcinogenicity in the skin-painting bioassay also correlate with the content of three to seven-ring PACs, which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their heterocyclic analogs. The strength of these correlations implies that PACs are the principal mutagenic and carcinogenic species in these oils. Some of the methods that have provided evidence supporting this view are referenced in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al. (1)2 (see also Maron et al. (2)). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who perform this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.  
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt (90 SUS) at 40 °C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupational dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment.  
5.2 Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associated with exposures to metal removal fluid.  
5.3 Implementation of this practice and incorporation of metal removal fluid management program has the potential to reduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of an effective program include: understanding dermatitis and associated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metal removal fluids; appropriate product selection; good management of additives, microorganisms, and fluids; appropriate additive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection and additive control; appropriate tool design and assessment; and control of metal removal fluid exposures, including aerosols.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.  
1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms to reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment that have the potential to cause dermatitis.  
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skin via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to define work-related injuries and illnesses in a way that can be easily understood and measured across countries. These injuries and illnesses can be used to evaluate, compare, and continually improve management systems and programs related to worker safety and health. Although several levels of severity may be defined, the primary objective is to identify cases with meaningful connection to work and cases with such potential consequence that they have value for prevention purposes. The resultant data and incidence rates should improve global benchmarking consistency.  
4.2 This guide defines recording criteria for Level One cases—cases that have a clear connection to the workplace and consequences that are significant for driving injury and illness prevention and efforts.  
4.3 While not mandated by this guide, recording of Level Two cases is encouraged and will still be mandatory in many jurisdictions. Level Two cases are those cases currently required to be reported by countries, states, and other jurisdictions.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to establish definitions and criteria for recording occupational injuries and illnesses to be used for measuring safety performance, evaluating safety program performance, and improving consistency when comparing international performance. A measurement system is desired that is precise and accurate, difficult to manipulate, significant and meaningful for safety program evaluation, and appropriate for accountability purposes in a global environment.  
1.2 Objectives of the occupational injury and illness measurement guide are as follows:  
1.2.1 Provide a uniform and objective framework for recording work-related injuries and illnesses,  
1.2.2 Facilitate use of injury and illness rates as a means of evaluating programs designed to control such injuries and illnesses, and  
1.2.3 Establish a basis for meaningful comparison of injury and illness rates across industries and countries.  
1.3 In this guide, definitions and procedures necessary to maintain work-related injury and illness records and incidence rates are covered.  
1.4 Key elements of this guide include work relationship, definition of injuries and illnesses, levels of severity of occupational incidents, accountability for contractor relationships, and specifications for injury and illness rate calculations.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in English (or Imperial) units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard is not a substitute for any legally required injury and illness recordkeeping obligations.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Integrating ergonomic principles into new occupational systems may help businesses develop processes that do not exceed worker capabilities and limitations.  
5.2 Jobs and tasks that conform to worker capabilities and limitations may be performed more efficiently, safely, and consistently than those that do not.  
5.3 The application of ergonomic principles to the processes involved in occupational systems may help avoid system failures and inefficiencies.  
5.4 The integration of ergonomic principles at the earliest stages of process concept and design may facilitate appropriate design, layout, and allocation of resources and may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.  
5.5 Designing jobs that fit the capabilities of larger population segments may increase an organization's accessibility to the available labor pool.  
5.6 The integration of ergonomic principles into occupational systems may increase profit by lowering direct and indirect costs associated with preventable losses, injuries, and illnesses.  
5.7 The bibliography contains a list of reference materials that may be useful in particular applications. All appendixes are nonmandatory.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist in the integration of ergonomic principles into the design and planning of new occupational systems from the earliest design stages through implementation. Doing so may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices and criteria were developed for occupational exposures during construction and demolition activities. They are intended to (1) protect against clinically significant disease from exposure to respirable crystalline silica, (2) be measurable by techniques that are valid, reproducible, and readily available, and (3) be attainable with existing technology and protective practices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes several actions to reduce the risk of harmful occupational exposures in environments containing respirable crystalline silica. This practice is intended for the unique conditions during construction and demolition activities.  
1.2 Health requirements relating to occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica not covered in this practice fall under the jurisdiction of Practice E1132.  
1.3 Nothing in this practice shall be interpreted as requiring any action that violates any statute or requirement of any federal, state, or other regulatory agency.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the safety requirements for applying the design, construction, and operation of machinery and equipment used in metal casting operations. These operations include sand preparation, molding, and core making; melting and pouring; and cleaning and finishing. This practice does not apply to die casting operations. This aim of this specification is to minimize the possibility of injury to operating and maintenance personnel while working on, or in the vicinity of, the specified equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements of applying the design, construction, and operation of the machinery and equipment used in metal casting operations—sand preparation, molding and core making, melting and pouring, and cleaning and finishing. This practice does not apply to die casting operations.  
1.2 Purpose—The requirements of this practice, including the training of supervisors and employees, are intended to minimize the possibility of injury to operating and maintenance personnel while working on, or in the vicinity of, the specified equipment. Compliance with this practice, in conjunction with OSHA regulations, provides a relatively safe environment, which is a fundamental requisite in helping to prevent occupational injuries.  
1.3 Application:  
1.3.1 New Installations—After the date of publication, all new installations within the scope of this specification shall be in conformance with its requirements. Any existing machine installation moved to a new plant or another location in the same plant is deemed a new installation when it is installed in the new location. However, an existing installed machine (former installation) that is moved for a short distance, for example, to provide additional aisle space, is not deemed to be a new installation.  
1.3.2 Existing Installations—After the approval date of this practice, installations existing on, or before, this date shall be modified as necessary to be in conformance with all requirements of this practice. Where it is not practical to modify an existing facility in conformance with this practice, deficiencies shall be noted and plans for compliance shall be included in any future facility or equipment changes. Those facilities and equipment on order or in the process of construction on the date of publication of this practice shall be considered as an existing installation. This practice applies to existing equipment if it lacks the necessary employee protection (personal protective equipment or administrative controls).  
1.4 The values stated in inch/pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in brackets are for information only.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to provide guidance on the proper operation of pressure water-jet cleaning and cutting equipment.  
4.2 This practice is also applicable at lower pressures where there is foreseeable risk of injury.  
4.3 This practice is provided to assist persons unfamiliar with the operation of water-jet cleaning and cutting equipment in learning to correctly use the equipment.  
4.4 Correct operation and use of the pressure water-jet cleaning and cutting equipment requires that the operator has familiarized himself with the identification of pressure metal fittings, hoses, guns, and accessories in accordance with the original equipment manufacturer’s specifications, instructions, and programmed instructional material; only then shall hydrojetting begin. Modification of water-jetting equipment shall not be done without prior written approval by the manufacturer of the equipment. Employees shall be instructed in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions as identified/required in 5.18. (Warning—Serious harm or injury may result from the misuse of water-jetting equipment and the use of improper fittings, hoses, or attachments.)  
4.5 The use of pressure water-jet equipment for cutting and cleaning is a rapidly evolving technology. This practice will be periodically reviewed for any required changes at least every five years.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the personnel requirements, operator training, operating procedures, and recommended equipment performance/design for the proper operation of all types of pressure water-jet cleaning and cutting equipment as normally used by industries concerned with construction, maintenance, repair, cleaning, cutting, and demolition work.  
1.2 The term “high-pressure water jetting” covers all water jetting, including the use of additives or abrasives at pressures above 100.5 psig (0.69 MPa).  
1.3 Any person required to operate or maintain pressure water-jetting equipment shall have been trained and have demonstrated the ability and knowledge to do so in accordance with the original equipment manufacturer's instructions, specifications, and training programs.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 3.2.3, 4.4, 5.7.2, 5.11, 5.14, 6.2, 6.7, and Sections 8 and 11 for specific hazards statements.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice was developed to help manufacturers, designers, maintenance personnel, trainers, owners, employees, and customers of secure destruction services to provide a reasonable level of safety for everyone exposed to hazards of equipment used to provide those services.  
4.2 Sections 1 – 3 provide general information and definitions and apply to all plant-based and mobile secure destruction operations and equipment covered by this practice.  
4.3 Sections 5 – 8 provide requirements for design, manufacture, reconstruction, modification, operation, and maintenance of plant-based and mobile equipment used for secure destruction.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth criteria for the design, manufacture, assembly, modification, operation, maintenance, service, or repair of plant-based and mobile secure destruction equipment.  
1.2 This practice is applicable both to plant-based (fixed facility) and mobile (truck-based) secure destruction operations engaged in collecting, receiving, storing, processing, transporting, or combinations thereof, media and related items to provide for secure destruction by physical or electronic alteration.  
1.3 In this practice, minimum safety requirements are established with respect to secure destruction operations and equipment.  
1.4 This practice applies to both new and existing mobile and plant-based secure destruction equipment.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is designed to help identify and integrate affected stakeholder interests and to include relevant scientific and technical information when developing occupational safety and health standards that include or are proposed to include an OEG.  
5.2 This guide shall be used when updating an occupational safety and health standard containing an OEG.  
5.3 While use of the CBSD process is required for occupational safety and health standards that include an OEG, it may also be used to improve stakeholder involvement and technical input for other occupational safety and health standards.  
5.4 The CBSD process is intended:
(1) To obtain representation on the committee or subcommittee from sectors that are substantially impacted by a specific standard project; and
(2) To obtain adequate input when the project requires review and analysis of information that is highly technical, very specialized, or not widely available.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a framework for a stakeholder-focused, consensus-based decision-making process for occupational safety and health standard development activities that include adoption or development of occupational exposure guidelines (OEGs) as a part of occupational health and safety standards.  
1.2 This guide applies to safety and health standard development activities in which an occupational exposure guideline will be included as one element of a comprehensive standard that addresses safety and health management strategies such as communication, monitoring, and controls. It is not meant to be used to develop an OEG apart from the context of such management strategies. In cases where other occupational exposure limit (OEL) establishing bodies have developed OELs, those may be reviewed, assimilated, or adapted rather than recreated ab initio.  
1.3 This guide does not replace existing consensus-based decision-making or committee participation processes that are used to develop safety and health standards. It is intended to be used in conjunction with such processes to improve scientific and technical input and stakeholder involvement in occupational safety and health decision-making for such standards.  
1.4 Limitations—This guide does not prescribe specific methods for generating or evaluating scientific and technical data related to assessing a particular occupational safety and health issue. Occupational safety and health standards apply to a wide variety of substances and occupational exposure circumstances. It is not possible to anticipate all situations where an OEG may be useful for a standard. This guide will be helpful in promoting appropriate balance and input, but the consensus process must deal with real-world complexities that individual standards may involve.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The process of recirculating MWFs entrains air bubbles which can accumulate, forming foam.  
4.2 Optimally, air bubbles burst open quickly after they are created. However, air bubble persistence is affected by MWF chemistry and the mechanisms by which energy is introduced into recirculating MWFs.  
4.2.1 The primary mechanisms imparting energy into recirculating MWFs are:
4.2.1.1 Turbulent Flow—The high velocity (typically >0.75 m3 min–1; >200 gal min–1).
4.2.1.2 Impaction—Energy generated when MWF strikes the tool-workpiece zone.
4.2.1.3 Centrifugal Force—MWF moved by the force of rotating tools or work pieces.  
4.3 When air bubbles persist, they tend to accumulate as foam. Persistent foam can:  
4.3.1 Inhibit heat transfer;  
4.3.2 Cause pump impeller cavitation;  
4.3.3 Foul filters;  
4.3.4 Overflow from MWF sumps; and  
4.3.5 Prevent proper lubrication.  
4.4 To prevent the adverse effects of MWF foam accumulation, chemical agents are either formulated into MWF concentrate, added tankside, or both.  
4.5 Laboratory tests are used to predict MWF foaming characteristics in end-use applications. However, no individual test is universally appropriate.  
4.6 This guide reviews test protocols commonly in use to evaluate end-use diluted MWF foaming tendency and the impact of foam-control agents on MWF foaming tendency.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.  
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2018. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.  
1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.  
1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.  
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range of dilution water quality are highly recommended.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of consensus definitions of terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to occupational health and safety.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of consensus definitions of terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to occupational health and safety.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of consensus definitions of terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to occupational health and safety.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the safety requirements for applying the design, construction, and operation of machinery and equipment used in metal casting operations. These operations include sand preparation, molding, and core making; melting and pouring; and cleaning and finishing. This practice does not apply to die casting operations. This aim of this specification is to minimize the possibility of injury to operating and maintenance personnel while working on, or in the vicinity of, the specified equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements of applying the design, construction, and operation of the machinery and equipment used in metal casting operations—sand preparation, molding and core making, melting and pouring, and cleaning and finishing. This practice does not apply to die casting operations.  
1.2 Purpose—The requirements of this practice, including the training of supervisors and employees, are intended to minimize the possibility of injury to operating and maintenance personnel while working on, or in the vicinity of, the specified equipment. Compliance with this practice, in conjunction with OSHA regulations, provides a relatively safe environment, which is a fundamental requisite in helping to prevent occupational injuries.  
1.3 Application:  
1.3.1 New Installations—After the date of publication, all new installations within the scope of this specification shall be in conformance with its requirements. Any existing machine installation moved to a new plant or another location in the same plant is deemed a new installation when it is installed in the new location. However, an existing installed machine (former installation) that is moved for a short distance, for example, to provide additional aisle space, is not deemed to be a new installation.  
1.3.2 Existing Installations—After the approval date of this practice, installations existing on, or before, this date, shall be modified as necessary to be in conformance with all requirements of this practice. Where it is not practical to modify an existing facility in conformance with this practice, deficiencies shall be noted and plans for compliance shall be included in any future facility or equipment changes. Those facilities and equipment on order or in the process of construction on the date of publication of this practice shall be considered as an existing installation. This practice applies to existing equipment if it lacks the necessary employee protection (personal protective equipment or administrative controls).  
1.4 The values stated in inch/pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in brackets are for information only.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During the past decade, it has become increasingly apparent that non-tuberculous mycobacteria are common members of the indigenous MWF bacterial population. Measurement of mycobacterial cell count densities is an important step in establishing a possible relationship between mycobacteria and occupational health-related allergic responses, for example, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in persons exposed to aerosols of metalworking fluids. It is known that the viable mycobacteria count underestimates the total mycobacterial levels by not counting the non-culturable, possibly dead or moribund population that is potentially equally important in the investigation of occupational health-related problems. The direct microscopic counting method (DMC) described here gives a quantitative assessment of the total numbers of acid-fast bacilli. It involves using acid-fast staining to selectively identify mycobacteria from other bacteria, followed by enumeration or direct microscopic counting of a known volume over a known area. Although other microbes—particularly the Actinomycetes—also stain acid-fast, they are differentiated from the mycobacteria because of their morphology and size. Non-mycobacteria, acid-fast microbes are 50 to 100 times larger than mycobacteria. This practice provides quantitative information on the total (culturable and non-culturable viable, and non-viable) mycobacteria populations. The results are expressed quantitatively as mycobacteria per mL of metalworking fluid sample.  
5.2 The DMC method using the acid-fast staining technique is a semi-quantitative method with a relatively fast turnaround time.  
5.3 The DMC method can also be employed in field survey studies to characterize the changes in total mycobacteria densities of metalworking fluid systems over a long period of time.  
5.4 The sensitivity detection limit of the DMC method depends on the MF and the sample volume (direct or centrifuged, etc.) examined.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a direct microscopic counting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid-fast stained mycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It can be used to detect levels of total mycobacteria population, including culturable as well as non-culturable (possibly dead or moribund) bacterial cells. This practice is recommended for all water-based metalworking fluids (Classification D2881).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For additional safety information, see Laboratory Safety: Principle and Practices, 4th Edition.2  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice allows for the recovery and enumeration of viable and culturable, non-tuberculosis, rapidly growing Mycobacteria  (M. immunogenum, M. chelonae, M. absessus, M. fortuitum, and M. smegmatis) in the presence of high Gram-negative background populations in metalworking fluid field samples. During the past decade, it has become increasingly apparent that non-tuberculous Mycobacteria are common members of the indigenous MWF bacterial population. This population is predominantly comprised of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Mycobacterial contamination of metalworking fluids has been putatively associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) amongst metalgrinding machinists. The detection and enumeration of these organisms will aid in better understanding of occupational health-related problems and a better assessment of antimicrobial pesticide efficacy.  
5.2 The measurement of viable and culturable mycobacterial densities (Guide E1326), combined with the total mycobacterial counts (including viable culturable (VC), viable nonculturable (VNC) and nonviable (NV) counts), is usually the first step in establishing any possible relationship between Mycobacteria and occupational health concerns (for example, HP).  
5.3 The practice can be employed in survey studies to characterize the viable-culturable mycobacterial population densities of metalworking fluid field samples.  
5.4 This practice is also applicable for establishing the mycobacterial resistance of metalworking fluid formulations by determining mycobacterium survival by means of plate count technique.  
5.5 This practice can also be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria in metalworking fluids.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the detection and enumeration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacteria (RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aqueous metalworking fluids (MWF) in the presence of high non-mycobacterial background population using standard microbiological culture methods.  
1.2 The detection limit is one colony forming unit (CFU)/mL metalworking fluid.  
1.3 This practice involves culture of organisms classified as Level 2 pathogens, and should be undertaken by a trained microbiologist in an appropriately equipped facility. The microbiologist should also be capable of distinguishing the diverse colonies of Mycobacteria from other microorganism colonies on a Petri dish and capable of confirming Mycobacteria by acid-fast staining method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.  
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved with both metalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.  
3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary communications.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the metalworking industry.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metalworking fluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.  
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the practice of metalworking fluid management.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of consensus definitions of terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to occupational health and safety.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These practices and criteria were developed for occupational exposures during construction and demolition activities. They are intended to (a) protect against clinically significant disease from exposure to respirable crystalline silica, (b) be measurable by techniques that are valid, reproducible, and readily available, and (c) be attainable with existing technology and protective practices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes several actions to reduce the risk of harmful occupational exposures in environments containing respirable crystalline silica. This practice is intended for the unique conditions during construction and demolition activities.  
1.2 Health requirements relating to occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica not covered in this practice fall under the jurisdiction of Practice E1132.  
1.3 Nothing in this practice shall be interpreted as requiring any action that violates any statute or requirement of any federal, state, or other regulatory agency.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal environment has been associated with adverse respiratory effects.  
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal environment.  
4.3 Through implementation of this practice, users should be able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation and disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid management program, appropriate product selection, appropriate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and control of microorganisms.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory hazards in the metal removal environment.  
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis, which is the subject of Practice E2693, but it does adopt a similar systems management approach with many control elements in common.  
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhalation of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.  
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations (such as cutting, drilling, milling, or grinding) that remove metal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking fluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such as stamping, rolling, forging, or casting) that use metalworking fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of metalworking fluid operations are not included in this document because of limited information on health effects, including epidemiology studies, and on control technologies. Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and guidance contained in this document may be useful for managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of metalworking fluids.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application of this guide will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metalworking fluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices. A water-miscible metalworking fluid is a concentrate designed to be diluted in water for use.  
4.2 Water-miscible metalworking fluids are complex chemical mixtures. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard (see A1.8) outlines procedures for the hazard determination of mixtures and states that if a mixture has not been tested as a whole, then the mixture shall be assumed to present the same hazards as do the components that comprise 1 % (by weight or volume) or greater of the mixture, except that the mixture shall be assumed to present a carcinogenic hazard if it contains a component in concentrations of 0.1 % or greater, which is considered to be a carcinogen (as defined in OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200). The determination of when to test a mixture as a whole and which toxicity tests are appropriate for the product must be made by a health professional qualified in evaluating toxicological data.  
4.3 Acute toxicology testing of water-miscible metalworking fluids consists of several individual tests including acute oral, dermal, or inhalation toxicity, eye irritation, skin irritation or corrosion, or both, skin sensitization, and sensory irritation. Certain protocols for acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity tests are limit tests; further multi-dose testing (for example, Test Method E1103) should take place if mortality is noted on any of these tests. The referenced protocols specify the species and number of animals required. Selection of tests conducted should be designed to minimize the number of animals used.  
4.3.1 Acute Oral Toxicity—Acute oral toxicity tests (see A1.1) provide information on health hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure by the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth the references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metalworking fluids as manufactured.  
1.2 Although water-miscible metalworking fluids are typically used at high dilution, dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to the metalworking fluid as manufactured.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use of this practice will improve management and control of metal removal fluids. The proper management and use will reduce dermal and other occupational hazards associated with these fluids.  
4.1.1 Guide E2148 covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids, including this document. Documents referenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable to producers, to users, or to all.  
4.1.2 Practice E2889 augments the information provided in this practice by providing information on approaches to reducing exposures to different types of metal removal fluid related aerosols.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection and safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials. This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.  
1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution, and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and antimicrobials.  
1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils of animal or vegetable origin, including oils that are modified for performance characteristics (for example, esterified rapeseed oil, and so forth). Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oil formulations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice summarizes the steps in the antimicrobial pesticide selection process, reviewing technical and regulatory considerations inherent in the process. It complements and amplifies information provided in Practice E1497.  
5.1.1 Steps in the antimicrobial selection process include: needs identification, use strategy selection, efficacy testing, chemical compatibility testing, regulatory consideration review, handling, and disposal issue review.  
5.2 This practice provides stakeholders in the microbicide selection process an overview of its complexities, including the process of obtaining pesticide registration from cognizant governing bodies.  
5.3 Personnel responsible for antimicrobial pesticide selection will be able to use this practice as a roadmap through the process.  
5.4 Personnel responsible for industrial hygiene, product or plant management will gain insight to the tradeoffs attendant with antimicrobial use and selection.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides recommendations for selecting antimicrobial pesticides (microbicides) for use in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF). It presents information regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technical factors including target microbes, efficacy, and chemical compatibility.  
1.2 This guide is not an encyclopedic compilation of all the concepts and terminology uses by chemists, microbiologists, toxicologists, formulators, plant engineers, and regulatory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticide selection and application. Instead, it provides a general understanding of the selection process and its supporting considerations.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Endotoxins in metalworking fluid aerosols present potential respiratory health hazards to workers who inhale them. Therefore, a consensus standard is needed to provide reliable data on workplace airborne endotoxin concentrations where metalworking fluids are used.  
5.2 This practice for measuring airborne endotoxin concentrations in metalworking fluid atmospheres will help to foster a better understanding of endotoxin exposure-response relationships.  
5.3 This practice facilitates comparisons of inter laboratory data from methods and field investigative studies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in poly-disperse metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.  
1.2 Users of this practice may obtain personal or area exposure data of endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols, either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.  
1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.  
1.4 This practice seeks to minimize inter laboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.  
1.5 It is anticipated that this practice will facilitate inter laboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from metalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling, extraction, and analytical methods.  
1.6 In 1997, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) empanelled a Standards Advisory Committee to make recommendations to the Administration regarding measures that the Administration could take to improve the health of workers exposed to metalworking fluids. A report to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA was submitted in July, 1999. Subcommittee E34.50 believes that the user community would benefit significantly if a standard method was developed to give the community guidance on a methodology for the sampling and analysis of personal airborne endotoxin exposure assessments in facilities using water-miscible metal removal fluids, based on the LAL assay or other endotoxin detection technologies as they become available.  
1.7 This practice does not attempt to set or imply limits for personal exposure to endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace environments.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method measures the concentration of ATP present in the sample. ATP is a constituent of all living cells, including bacteria and fungi. Consequently, the presence of ATP is an indicator of total microbial contamination in metalworking fluids. ATP is not associated with matter of non-biological origin.  
5.2 Method D4012 validated ATP as a surrogate for culturable bacterial data (Guide E1326).  
5.3 This method differs from Method D4012 in that it eliminates interferences that have historically rendered ATP testing unusable with complex organic fluids such as MWF.  
5.4 The ATP test provides rapid test results that reflect the total bioburden in the sample. It thereby reduces the delay between test initiation and data capture, from the 36 h to 48 h (or longer) required for culturable colonies to become visible, to approximately five minutes.  
5.5 Although ATP data generally covary with culture data in MWF4, different factors affect ATP concentration than those that affect culturability.  
5.5.1 Culturability is affected primarily by the ability of captured microbes to proliferate on the growth medium provided, under specific growth conditions. It have been estimated that less than 1 % of the species present in an environmental sample will form colonies under any given set of growth conditions.5  
5.5.2 ATP concentration is affected by: the microbial species present, the physiological states of those species, and the total bioburden (See Appendix X1).
5.5.2.1 One example of the species effect is that the amount of ATP per cell is substantially greater for fungi than bacteria.
5.5.2.2 Within a species, cells that are more metabolically active will have more ATP per cell than dormant cells.
5.5.2.3 The greater the total bioburden, the greater the ATP concentration in a sample.  
5.5.3 The possibility exists that the rinse step (11.15) may not eliminate all chemical substances that can interfere with the bioluminescence reaction (11.39).
5.5.3.1 ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a protocol for capturing, extracting and quantifying the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content associated with microorganisms found in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).  
1.2 The ATP is measured using a bioluminescence enzyme assay, whereby light is generated in amounts proportional to the concentration of ATP in the samples. The light is produced and measured quantitatively as relative light units (RLU) which are converted by comparison with an ATP standard and computation to pg ATP/mL.  
1.3 This test method is equally suitable for use in the laboratory or field.  
1.4 The test method detects ATP concentrations in the range of 4.0 pg ATP/mL to 400 000 pg ATP/mL.  
1.5 Providing interferences can be overcome, bioluminescence is a reliable and proven method for qualifying and quantifying ATP. The method does not differentiate between ATP from different sources, for example, from different types of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of endotoxin concentrations in MWF is a parameter that can be used in decision-making for prudent fluid management practices (fluid draining, cleaning, recharging or biocide dosages).  
5.2 This standard provides a practice for analysts who perform quantitative endotoxin analyses of water-miscible MWF.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in water miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).  
1.2 Users of this practice need to be familiar with the handling of MWF.  
1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration in the sampled MWF.  
1.4 This practice replaces Method E2250.  
1.5 This practice seeks to minimize inter-laboratory variation of endotoxin data but does not ensure uniformity of results.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.  
4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties, such as non governmental organizations.  
4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may each want to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable to them:  
4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:  
4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella  mutagenesis assay of Ames et. al6 (see also Maron et al7). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well-versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.  
4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids
4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.
4.4.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity of w...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is designed to help identify and integrate affected stakeholder interests and to include relevant scientific and technical information when developing occupational safety and health standards that include or are proposed to include an OEG.  
4.2 This guide shall be used when updating an occupational safety and health standard containing an OEG.  
4.3 While use of the CBSD process is required for occupational safety and health standards that include an OEG, it may also be used to improve stakeholder involvement and technical input for other occupational safety and health standards.  
4.4 The CBSD process is intended:
(1) to obtain representation on the committee or subcommittee from sectors that are substantially impacted by a specific standard project; and
(2) to obtain adequate input when the project requires review and analysis of information that is highly technical, very specialized or not widely available.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a framework for a stakeholder-focused consensus-based decision-making process for occupational safety and health standard development activities that include adoption or development of occupational exposure guidelines (OEGs) as a part of Occupational Health and Safety standards.  
1.2 This guide applies to safety and health standard development activities in which an occupational exposure guideline will be included as one element of a comprehensive standard that addresses safety and health management strategies such as communication, monitoring and controls. It is not meant to be used to develop an OEG apart from the context of such management strategies. In cases where other occupational exposure limit (OEL) establishing bodies have developed OELs, those may be reviewed, assimilated, or adapted rather than recreated ab initio.  
1.3 This guide does not replace existing consensus-based, decision-making, or committee participation processes that are used to develop safety and health standards. It is intended to be used in conjunction with such processes to improve scientific and technical input and stakeholder involvement in occupational safety and health decision-making for such standards.  
1.4 Limitations—This guide does not prescribe specific methods for generating or evaluating scientific and technical data related to assessing a particular occupational safety and health issue. Occupational safety and health standards apply to a wide variety of substances and occupational exposure circumstances. It is not possible to anticipate all situations where an OEG may be useful for a standard. This guide will be helpful in promoting appropriate balance and input, but the consensus process must deal with real world complexities that individual standards may involve.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is based on a modification of the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay. As modified, there is good correlation with mouse skin-painting bioassay results for samples of raw and refined lubricating oil process streams.  
5.2 Mutagenic potency in this modified assay and carcinogenicity in the skin-painting bioassay also correlate with the content of 3 to 7 ring PACs, which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their heterocyclic analogs. The strength of these correlations implies that PACs are the principal mutagenic and carcinogenic species in these oils. Some of the methods that have provided evidence supporting this view are referenced in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al (1)2 (see also Maron et al (2)). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who perform this test should be well-versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.  
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt (90 SUS) at 40°C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupational dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment.  
5.2 Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associated with exposures to metal removal fluid.  
5.3 Implementation of this practice and incorporation of metal removal fluid management program has the potential to reduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of an effective program include: understanding dermatitis and associated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metal removal fluids; appropriate product selection; good management of additives, microorganisms, and fluids; appropriate additive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection and additive control; appropriate tool design and assessment and control of metal removal fluid exposures including aerosols.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.  
1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms to reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment that have the potential to cause dermatitis.  
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skin via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to define work-related injuries and illnesses in a way that can be easily understood and measured across countries. These injuries and illnesses can be used to evaluate, compare, and continually improve management systems and programs related to worker safety and health. Although several levels of severity may be defined, the primary objective is to identify cases with meaningful connection to work and cases with such potential consequence that they have value for prevention purposes. The resultant data and incidence rates should improve global benchmarking consistency.  
4.2 This guide defines recording criteria for Level One cases—cases that have a clear connection to the workplace and consequences that are significant for driving injury and illness prevention and efforts.  
4.3 While not mandated by this guide, recording of Level Two cases is encouraged and will still be mandatory in many jurisdictions. Level Two cases are those cases currently required to be reported by countries, states, and other jurisdictions.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to establish definitions and criteria for recording occupational injuries and illnesses to be used for measuring safety performance, evaluating safety program performance, and improving consistency when comparing international performance. A measurement system is desired that is precise and accurate, difficult to manipulate, significant and meaningful for safety program evaluation, and appropriate for accountability purposes in a global environment.  
1.2 Objectives of the occupational injury and illness measurement guide are as follows:  
1.2.1 Provide a uniform and objective framework for recording work related injuries and illnesses,  
1.2.2 Facilitate use of injury and illness rates as a means of evaluating programs designed to control such injuries and illnesses, and  
1.2.3 Establish a basis for meaningful comparison of injury and illness rates across industries and countries.  
1.3 In this guide, definitions and procedures necessary to maintain work-related injury and illness records and incidence rates are covered.  
1.4 Key elements of this guide include work relationship, definition of injuries and illnesses, levels of severity of occupational incidents, accountability for contractor relationships, and specifications for injury and illness rate calculations.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in English (or Imperial) units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard is not a substitute for any legally required injury and illness recordkeeping obligations.