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ASTM G187-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.
The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G 57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method.
The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and a procedure for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used n the field or in the laboratory.
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
13.080.99 - Other standards related to soil quality
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.10 - Corrosion in Soils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM G187-12 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method
Effective Date
01-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM G200-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) of Soil
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G218-19 - Standard Guide for External Corrosion Protection of Ductile Iron Pipe Utilizing Polyethylene Encasement Supplemented by Cathodic Protection
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G57-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7765-18a - Standard Practice for Use of Foundry Sand in Structural Fill and Embankments
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G162-18 - Standard Practice for Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosion Tests in Soils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005

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ASTM G187-05 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box MethodASTM G187-05 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method
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ASTM G187-05 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G187–05
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode
Soil Box Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and a procedure 3.1 Definitions:
for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed 3.1.1 Ohm’s law—The relationship between the electromo-
from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried tive force, the current, and the resistance. Mathematically:
structures. current = electromotive force/resistance or I = E/R; where “I”
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used n the is measured in amperes, “E” in volts, and “R” in ohms.
field or in the laboratory. 3.1.2 Resistivity (soil)—The electrical resistance between
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity opposite faces of a unit cube of material; the reciprocal of
measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in conductivity.
the as-received condition. 3.1.3 Saturated soil—soil whose entire soil porosity is filled
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the with water.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 3.1.4 Soil box factor—A factor which is determined by a
only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter. two-electrode soil box’s internal dimensions (cross sectional
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the area/distance between electrode plates). The soil box factor is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the multiplied by the measured resistance of a substance in the soil
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- box to obtain that substance’s resistivity.
priate safety and health practices and to determine the 3.1.5 Soil resistance meter—An instrument capable of mea-
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. suring soil resistance.
3.1.6 Two-electrode soil box—A non-conductive container
2. Referenced Documents
of known internal dimensions with two end plate electrodes for
2.1 ASTM Standards: measuring a substance’s resistivity.
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion
3.2 The terminology used herein, if not specifically defined
Testing otherwise, shall be in accordance with Terminology G15.
G57 Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity
Definitions provided herein and not given in Terminology G15
Using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method are limited only to this standard.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
4. Summary of Test Method
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method 4.1 The two-electrode soil box method is predicated on
2.2 AISI Specifications: measuring the resistance between two opposite faces of a box
AISI Designation Type 304 containing a substance or solution. That resistance measure-
AISI Designation Type 316 ment through the substance being tested is then converted to
resistivity based on the conversion formula of Eq 1.
4.2 A voltage is impressed between the two opposite face
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on
electrodes, causing current to flow, and the voltage drop
Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.10 on
between them is measured. Ohm’s law reveals the resistance.
Corrosion in Soils.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. DOI:
The resistivity, ρ, is then:
10.1520/G0187-05.
r ~ohm2cm! 5 AR/d (1)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
where:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
A = cross-sectional area, cm ,
Available from American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 1140 Connecticut
R = resistance, ohms, and
Ave., Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G187–05
lent, which utilize a low voltage 97 Hz square wave current).
d = distance between electrodes, cm.
They offer convenience, ease of use, and repeatability. Soil
5. Significance and Use resistance meters yield direct readings in ohms, which are
multiplied by the appropriate factor for the specific two-
5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a
electrodesoilbox.Themeterutilizedmaylimittheupperrange
factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resis-
of resistivity, which can be measured. In such cases the
tivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity
resistivity should be reported as greater than the meter’s upper
soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that
limit.
influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity
6.4 Wiring—18 to 22AWG insulated stranded copper wire.
may affect the material selection and the location of a struc-
Terminals and connections must be low-resistance.
ture.
5.2 Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in
7. Reagents and Materials
the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of
7.1 Distilled or deionized water (Type IV grade as refer-
corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.
enced in Specification D1193) to saturate samples.
5.3 The test method is focused to provide an accurate,
expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the
8. Sampling Test Specimens, and Test Units
determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57
8.1 Generally, collected soil samples that are to be tested in
emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the
the laboratory shall be placed in an appropriate sealable
design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic
container or polyethylene type bag. This allows containers to
protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The
be identified for location and will facilitate a request for
two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin,
as-received test results.
in situ soil resistivity method.
8.2 Soil samples shall be representative of the area of
5.4 The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test
interest.Where the stratum of interest contains a variety of soil
method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resis-
types, it is desirable to sample each type separately.
tivity
8.3 The collected soil sample size is dependent on the
6. Apparatus volume of the soil box used.
8.4 Soil resistivity measurements shall not be conducted on
6.1 The equipment required for the measurement of the
frozen or partially frozen soil samples. Soil samples to be
resistivity of soil samples, either in the field or in the
tested in the laboratory shall be allowed to reach room
laboratory, consists of a two-electrode soil box, a soil resis-
temperature (approximately 20°C (68°F)) prior to the resistiv-
tance meter, wiring to make the necessary connections and a
ity measurement. Field measurements shall reflect the soils
soil extraction tool with straightedge.Atwo-electrode soil box,
temperature during testing. Soil temperatures that are above
soilresistancemeteranditselectricalconnectionsareshownin
freezing can be corrected for a uniform temperature of 15.5°C
Fig. 1.
(60°F) by use of the following equation :
6.2 Two-electrode soil box—Two-electrode soil boxes can
R 5 R 24.5 1 t!/ 40 (2)
be constructed in various sizes provided the inside dimensions ~
15.5 t
are known. Design and construction shall incorporate materials
Where R is the resistance at 15.5°C (60°F) and R is the
15.5 t
that are durable and machinable. The two end plate electrodes
observed resistance at temperature t°C.
shall be constructed of a clean, polished corrosion-resistant
metal or alloy (that is, AISI Designation Type 304 or 316
9. Calibration and Standardization
stainless steel) that will not form a heavy oxide film or
9.1 The accuracy of the soil resistance meter shall be
otherwise add significant resistance. The body of the box shall
periodically checked with a commercial resistance decade box
be constructed of a material that is non-conductive and able to
or several appropriate known value resistors. Meter error shall
main
...

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5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
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5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
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Standard Test Method for Distribution Coefficients of Inorganic Species by Batch Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The distribution coefficient, Kd, is an experimentally determined ratio quantifying the distribution of a chemical species between a given fluid and solid material sample under certain conditions, including the attainment of constant aqueous concentrations of the species of interest. The Kd concept is used in mass transport modeling, for example, to assess the degree to which the movement of a species will be delayed by interactions with the local geomedium as the solution migrates through the geosphere under a given set of underground geochemical conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.). The retardation factor (Rf) is the ratio of the velocity of the groundwater divided by the velocity of the contaminant, which can be expressed as:
   where:  
  ρb  =  bulk density of the porous medium (mass/length3), and    ηe  =  effective porosity of the medium (unitless) expressed as a decimal.    
4.2 Because of the sensitivity of Kd to site specific conditions and materials, the use of literature derived  Kd values is strongly discouraged. For applications other than transport modeling, batch Kd measurements also may be used, for example, for parametric studies of the effects of changing chemical conditions and of mechanisms related to the interactions of fluids with solid material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of distribution coefficients, Kd, of chemical species to quantify uptake onto solid materials by a batch sorption technique. It is a laboratory method primarily intended to assess sorption of dissolved ionic species subject to migration through pores and interstices of site specific geomedia, or other solid material. It may also be applied to other materials such as manufactured adsorption media and construction materials. Application of the results to long-term field behavior is not addressed in this method. Kd for radionuclides in selected geomedia or other solid materials are commonly determined for the purpose of assessing potential migratory behavior of contaminants in the subsurface of contaminated sites and out of a waste form and in the surface of waste disposal facilities. This test method is also applicable to studies for parametric studies of the variables and mechanisms which contribute to the measured Kd.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8170-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Using Disposable Handheld Soil Core Samplers for the Collection and Storage of Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is for the use of disposable handheld soil core samplers in collecting and storing approximately 5 or 25 g soil samples for volatile organic analysis in a manner that reduces loss of contaminants due to volatilization or biodegradation. In general, an initial soil core sample is collected (see Guides D6169/D6169M and D6282/D6282M) and the disposable handheld soil core sampler is then used to collect the 5 or 25 g soil sample from the initial soil core sample. The disposable handheld soil core sampler can also serve as a sample storage chamber.  
5.2 The physical integrity of the soil sample is maintained during sample collection, storage, and transfer in the laboratory for analysis or preservation.  
5.3 During sample collection, storage, and transfer, there is very limited exposure of the sample to the atmosphere.  
5.4 Laboratory subsampling is not required for samples collected following this guide. The sample is expelled directly from the coring body/storage chamber into the appropriate container for analysis, or preservation, at the analytical laboratory without disrupting the integrity of the sample. Subsampling from the disposable handheld soil core sampler should not be performed to obtain smaller sample sizes for analysis.  
5.5 This guide specifies sample storage in the disposable handheld soil core sampler at 4 ± 2°C for up to 48 h.  
5.6 This guide does not use methanol preservation or other chemical preservatives in the field. As a result, there are no problems associated with flammability hazards, shipping restrictions, or dilution of samples containing low volatile concentrations due to solvents being added to samples in the field.  
5.7 The disposable handheld soil core samplers are single-use devices. They should not be cleaned or reused.  
5.8 This disposable handheld soil core samplers cannot be used for collecting cemented material, consolidated material, or material having fragments wider than the mouth of the device or coa...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for application to soils that may contain volatile organic compounds.  
1.2 This guide provides a general procedure and considerations associated with using a disposable handheld soil core sampler to collect and temporarily store a soil sample for volatile organic analysis.  
1.3 In general, an initial soil sample is collected (see Guides D6169/D6169M and D6282/D6282M) and the disposable handheld soil core sampler is then used to collect the 5 or 25 g soil sample from the initial soil core sample. The disposable handheld soil core sampler can also serve as a sample storage chamber. It is recommended that this standard be used in conjunction with Guides D4547, D4687, D6169/D6169M, D6232, D6282/D6282M, D6418, and D6640, as appropriate, which provide information on the collection of the initial soil core sample.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard doe...

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ASTM
ASTM D8199-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Specific Strength of Hydraulically Applied Fiber Matrix Products for Erosion Control

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Specific strength is a measure of the ability of a fiber matrix product to withstand force applied by a tensile machine and is useful to understand in order to produce quality products. Specific strength is frequently related to the matrix density, fiber quality, fiber length and chemistry and can be used as a measurement for quality assurance or quality control, or both requirements.  
5.2 This method may not be applicable to all hydraulically applied fiber matrix products due to variations in product chemistry.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides a quantitative test method to determine the specific strength of hydraulically applied fiber matrix products using dry and wet preparation methods in a laboratory setting. This method is designed for use as an index test for product quality assurance or quality control, or both to comply with manufacturing requirements. This test method is not indicative of product performance in the field.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6286/D6286M-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling and Direct Push Methods for Geotechnical and Environmental Subsurface Site Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The 1998 edition of this standard was written solely for selection of drilling methods for environmental applications and specifically for installation of groundwater monitoring wells. The second revision was made to include geotechnical applications since many of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations discussed extensively throughout this document also apply to geotechnical design use such as data collection (sampling and in-situ testing) for construction design and instrumentation. Besides installation of monitoring wells (D5092/D5092M, D6724/D6724M), Environmental investigations are also made for sampling, in-situ testing, and installation of aquifer testing boreholes (D4044/D4044M, D4050).  
4.2 There are other guides for geotechnical investigations addressing drilling methods such as in Eurocode (1, 2)5, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, (3, 4), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, (5), and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (6, 7). An authoritative Handbook on Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring was compiled by Nielsen (8) which addresses drilling methods in detail including the advent of Direct Push methods developed for environmental investigations. Two other major drilling guides have been written by the National Drilling Association (9) and from the Australia Drilling Industry Training Committee (10) and these guides are user for the drillers.  
4.3 Table 1 lists sixteen classes of methods addressed in this guide. The selection of particular method(s) for drilling/push boring requires that specific characteristics of each site be considered. This guide is intended to make the user aware of some of the various drilling/push boring methods available and the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each with respect to determining geotechnical and environmental exploration. (A) Actual achievable drilled depths will vary depending on the ambient geohydrologic conditions existing at the site and size of drilling/push boring e...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various methods for site characterization along with advantages and disadvantages associated with each method discussed. This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling method(s) for geotechnical and environmental soil and rock borings for sampling, testing, and installation of wells, or other instrumentation. It does not address drilling for foundation improvement, drinking water wells, or special horizontal drilling techniques for utilities.  
1.2 This guide cannot address all possible subsurface conditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic, or anthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, and construction purposes is addressed in Guide D420. Soil and rock sampling in drill holes is addressed in Guide D6169/D6169M. Pertinent guides and practices addressing specific drilling methods, equipment, and procedures are listed in Section 2. Guide D5730 provides information on most all aspects of environmental site characterization.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address all methods and the issues associated with drilling for geotechnical and environmental purposes. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful for their site investigation. Other methods may be available for these methods and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this guide. The guide is current at the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become available prior ...

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