G01.10 - Corrosion in Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides three methods for determining the suitability of a buried steel tank to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
4.2 This guide may be used to assess any UST, including non-regulated USTs.  
4.3 This guide provides three alternative methods but does not recommend any specific method or application. The responsibility for selection of a method rests with the user.  
4.4 This guide has specific suggestions for vendor provided information which should be requested and reviewed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures to be implemented prior to the application of cathodic protection for evaluating the suitability of a tank for upgrading by cathodic protection alone.  
1.2 Three procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, and C.  
1.2.1 Method A—Noninvasive with primary emphasis on statistical and electrochemical analysis of external site environment corrosion data.  
1.2.2 Method B—Invasive ultrasonic thickness testing with external corrosion evaluation.  
1.2.3 Method C—Invasive permanently recorded visual inspection and evaluation including external corrosion assessment.  
1.3 This guide presents the methodology and the procedures utilizing site and tank specific data for determining a tank’s condition and the suitability for such tanks to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
1.4 While this guide provides minimum procedures for assessing a tank's condition, this guide does not provide minimum installation procedures or requirements for upgrades of the tank by cathodic protection.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
5.2 Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.  
5.3 The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth), but also includes information and procedures on a four-pin soil box method. The two-electrode soil box method is an accurate and more expeditious method than the four-pin soil box and often complements the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method.  
5.4 The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for soil samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures.  
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory.  
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion evaluations. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57 – 78 (2012)).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion information.  
4.2 The primary application of the data from this practice is to evaluate the performance of metallic materials for use in soil environments.  
4.3 This practice may not duplicate all field conditions and variables such as stray currents, microbiologically influenced corrosion, non-homogeneous conditions, pollutants in the soil, and long cell corrosion. The reproducibility of results in the practice is highly dependent on the type of specimen tested and the evaluation criteria selected as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results.  
4.4 Structures and components may be made of several different metals; therefore, the practice may be used to evaluate galvanic corrosion effects in soils (see Guide G71).  
4.5 Structures and components may be coated with sacrificial or noble metal coatings, which may be scratched or otherwise rendered discontinuous (for example, no coating on the edges of metal strips cut from a wide sheet). This test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective metallic coatings.  
4.6 Structures and components may be coated or jacketed with organic materials (for example, paints and plastics), and these coatings and jackets may be rendered discontinuous. The test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective or incompletely covering coatings and jackets.
Note 1: The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt content (related parameters are chemistry and soil resistivity, see Test Methods G57 and G187), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil pH, see Test Method G51), Temperature, and oxygen content (loose, for example, sand, or compact, for example, clay, soils are extreme examples, see Test Method G200 – oxidation-reduction potential). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the potential for corrosion attack on engineering materials in soils. The test is conducted under laboratory ambient temperature unless the effect of temperature is being evaluated. This practice does not include provisions for microbiological influenced corrosion (MIC) testing, nor its influence on results.  
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation, test environments, evaluation, and reporting of test results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is a guide for evaluating magnesium anodes. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.  
5.2 Test specimens from the same casting may not be identical because of inhomogeneities in the casting. A method of ensuring that identical test specimens are being evaluated is to retest a test specimen. The surface of the test specimen should be smoothed by machining before retesting. The new diameter should be measured and the test current adjusted so that the retest current density is 0.039 mA/cm2 (0.25 mA/in.2).  
5.3 The values of potential and Ah per unit mass consumed as measured by this test method, may not agree with those found in field applications. It is unlikely that field results of Ah per unit mass consumed would ever be greater than those measured in this test. However, actual test comparisons are not sufficient to allow precise correlation of laboratory and field results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation) potential and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75 % gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), 20 % bentonite clay, and 5 % sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test.
Note 1: Refer to Terminology G193 for terms used in this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 8 and Paragraph 9.1.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil ORP, in conjunction with other soil characteristics such as pH (see Test Method G51), and electrical resistivity (see Test Methods G57 and G187), is used to predict corrosion tendencies of buried metallic structures (for example, pipelines and culverts). The ORP of the soil is one of many factors that influence structure service life. Its measurement is used in the design of new buried structures and in the evaluation of existing buried structures.  
5.2 Soil ORP is a time-sensitive measurement. For an accurate indication of soil corrosivity, the measurement should be made in-situ in the field or as soon as practicable after removal of the soil sample from the ground.  
5.3 The user of this test method is responsible for determining the significance of reported ORP measurements. ORP alone should typically not be used in characterizing the corrosivity of a particular soil. ORP measurements are appropriate when evaluating oxygen related reactions.  
5.4 ORP measurements can sometimes be quite variable and non-reproducible. This is related, in part, to the general heterogeneity of a given soil. It is also related to the introduction of increased oxygen into the sample after extraction. The interpretation of soil ORP should be considered in terms of its general range rather than as an absolute measurement.  
5.5 ORP measurements can be used to determine if a particular soil has the propensity to support microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) attack. These measurements can also be used to provide an indication of whether soil conditions will be aerobic or anaerobic. Appendix X1 provides reference guidelines for general interpretation of ORP data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure and related test equipment for measuring oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of soil samples in-situ or removed from the ground.  
1.2 The procedure in Section 9 is appropriate for field and laboratory measurements.  
1.3 Accurate measurement of oxidation-reduction potential aids in the analysis of soil corrosivity and its impact on buried metallic structure corrosion rates.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurement of soil resistivity is used for assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures. Soil resistivity is used both for the estimation of expected corrosion rates and for the design of cathodic protection systems. As an essential design parameter for cathodic protection systems, it is important to take as many measurements as necessary so as to get a sufficiently representative characterization of the soil environment to which the entire buried structure will be exposed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, both in situ and for samples removed from the ground, for use in assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides basic information on the application of cathodic protection to polyethylene encased ductile iron pipe for engineers, owners, water companies, corrosion consultants, ductile iron (DI) pipe manufacturers and others who have an interest in providing underground corrosion protection to ductile iron pipe.  
4.2 There are many publications, standards, recommended practices, and specifications for the application of coatings and cathodic protection to steel pipe. However, the metallurgy, chemistry, physical properties, surface composition and texture, coating requirements and electrical continuity of standard production ductile iron pipe are significantly different than those of steel pipe, and coating and cathodic protection specifications written specifically for steel pipe may not be directly applicable to ductile iron pipe. The latest revision of a commonly accepted cathodic protection specification (NACE SP0169) states the following in the forward: “This standard does not include corrosion control methods based on injection of chemicals into the environment, on the use of electrically conductive coatings, or on the use of non-adhered polyethylene encasement (refer to NACE Publication 10A292).” It is the purpose of this guide to summarize publications, case histories, and studies which are available regarding cathodic protection installations of polyethylene encased ductile iron pipe to give the reader guidance on this unique method of protection.  
4.3 This guide may be utilized with galvanic or impressed current cathodic protection.  
4.4 This guide is written specifically for ductile iron pipe and does not apply to any other type of piping material. It may also be used for ductile iron fittings, valves, and appurtenances specific to ductile iron piping systems.  
4.5 This guide references requirements for vendor provided information which should be requested and reviewed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide will discuss standard practices which have been successfully utilized in the field for over 35 years to provide external corrosion protection of polyethylene encased ductile iron pipe supplemented with cathodic protection (CP). This guide may also be used for ductile iron fittings, valves, and other appurtenances specific to ductile iron pipe systems. Case histories and publications reporting on the use of cathodic protection to supplement polyethylene encasement are included as an Appendix in this guide.  
1.2 Other external corrosion control methods which have been used for ductile iron pipe include, but are not limited to: cathodic protection, metallic zinc coatings, bonded dielectric coatings, dielectric coatings with cathodic protection, and trench improvement. Detailed information on these methods of protection are available from other sources and are beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Low resistance between the rails and earth could result in large magnitudes of stray earth currents with the attendant corrosion damage to underground metallic structures.  
4.2 These measurements are of a low voltage type and are not designed to evaluate the high voltage dielectric characteristics of the rail insulating elements.  
4.3 Sections of track with rail-to-earth resistances less than acceptable minimums must be tested in greater detail to determine the reason(s) for this condition. Determination of the reason(s) for any low rail-to-earth resistance may require the use of special testing techniques or special instruments, or both, beyond the scope of this practice.  
4.4 The electrical tests call for the use of electric meters that have varying characteristics depending on cost, manufacture, and generic type. It is assumed that any person employing the test procedures contained herein will know how to determine and apply proper correction factors and that they will have sufficient knowledge to ensure reasonable accuracy in the data obtained.  
4.5 This practice does not encompass all possible field conditions to obtain rail-to-earth resistance characteristics. No general set of test procedures will be applicable to all situations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures necessary to follow for measuring resistance-to-earth of the running rails which are used as the conductors for returning the train operating current to the substation in electric mass transit systems.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides three methods for determining the suitability of a buried steel tank to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
4.2 This guide may be used to assess any UST, including non-regulated USTs.  
4.3 This guide provides three alternative methods but does not recommend any specific method or application. The responsibility for selection of a method rests with the user.  
4.4 This guide has specific requirements for vendor provided information which should be requested and reviewed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures to be implemented prior to the application of cathodic protection for evaluating the suitability of a tank for upgrading by cathodic protection alone.  
1.2 Three procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, and C.  
1.2.1 Method A—Noninvasive with primary emphasis on statistical and electrochemical analysis of external site environment corrosion data.  
1.2.2 Method B—Invasive ultrasonic thickness testing with external corrosion evaluation.  
1.2.3 Method C—Invasive permanently recorded visual inspection and evaluation including external corrosion assessment.  
1.3 This guide presents the methodology and the procedures utilizing site and tank specific data for determining a tank’s condition and the suitability for such tanks to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
1.4 The tank's condition shall be assessed using Method A, B, or C. Prior to assessing the tank, a preliminary site survey shall be performed pursuant to Section 8 and the tank shall be tightness tested pursuant to 5.2 to establish that the tank is not leaking.  
1.5 While this guide provides minimum procedures for assessing a tank's condition, this guide does not provide minimum installation procedures or requirements for upgrades of the tank by cathodic protection.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion testing. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57 – 78 (2012)).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is a guide for evaluating magnesium anodes. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.  
5.2 Test specimens from the same casting may not be identical because of inhomogeneities in the casting. A method of ensuring that identical test specimens are being evaluated is to retest a test specimen. The surface of the test specimen should be smoothed by machining before retesting. The new diameter should be measured and the test current adjusted so that the retest current density is 0.039 mA/cm2 (0.25 mA/in.2).  
5.3 The values of potential and Ah per unit mass consumed as measured by this test method, may not agree with those found in field applications. It is unlikely that field results of Ah per unit mass consumed would ever be greater than those measured in this test. However, actual test comparisons are not sufficient to allow precise correlation of laboratory and field results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation) potential and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75 % gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), 20 % bentonite clay, and 5 % sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test.  
Note 1: Refer to Terminology G193 for terms used in this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 8 and Paragraph 9.1.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion information.  
4.2 The primary application of the data from this practice is to evaluate metallic materials for use in soil environments.  
4.3 This practice may not duplicate all field conditions and variables such as stray currents, microbiologically influenced corrosion, non-homogeneous conditions, and long cell corrosion. The reproducibility of results in the practice is highly dependent on the type of specimen tested and the evaluation criteria selected as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results.  
4.4 Structures and components may be made of several different metals; therefore, the practice may be used to evaluate galvanic corrosion effects in soils (see Guide G71).  
4.5 Structures and components may be coated with sacrificial or noble metal coatings, which may be scratched or otherwise rendered discontinuous (for example, no coating on the edges of metal strips cut from a wide sheet). This test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective metallic coatings.  
4.6 Structures and components may be coated or jacketed with organic materials (for example, paints and plastics), and these coatings and jackets may be rendered discontinuous. The test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective or incompletely covering coatings and jackets.  
4.7 The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt content (related parameters are chemistry and soil resistivity, see Test Methods G57 and G187), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil pH, see Test Method G51), and oxygen content (loose, for example, sand, or compact, for example, clay, soils are extreme examples, see Test Method G200 – oxidation-reduction potential). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination thereof, should establish the nature of the expected soil envi...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on engineering materials. The test is conducted under laboratory ambient temperature unless the effect of temperature is being evaluated. This practice does not include provisions for microbiological influenced corrosion (MIC) testing, nor its influence on results.  
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation, test environments, evaluation, and reporting of test results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
5.2 Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.  
5.3 The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth), but also includes information and procedures on a four-pin soil box method. The two-electrode soil box method is an accurate and more expeditious method than the four-pin soil box and often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method.  
5.4 The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for soil samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures.  
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory.  
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides three methods for determining the suitability of a buried steel tank to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
4.2 This guide may be used to assess any UST, including non-regulated USTs.  
4.3 This guide provides three alternative methods but does not recommend any specific method or application. The responsibility for selection of a method rests with the user.  
4.4 This guide has specific requirements for vendor provided information which should be requested and reviewed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures to be implemented prior to the application of cathodic protection for evaluating the suitability of a tank for upgrading by cathodic protection alone.  
1.2 Three procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, and C.  
1.2.1 Method A—Noninvasive with primary emphasis on statistical and electrochemical analysis of external site environment corrosion data.  
1.2.2 Method B—Invasive ultrasonic thickness testing with external corrosion evaluation.  
1.2.3 Method C—Invasive permanently recorded visual inspection and evaluation including external corrosion assessment.  
1.3 This guide presents the methodology and the procedures utilizing site and tank specific data for determining a tank's condition and the suitability for such tanks to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
1.4 The tank's condition shall be assessed using Method A, B, or C. Prior to assessing the tank, a preliminary site survey shall be performed pursuant to Section 8 and the tank shall be tightness tested pursuant to 5.2 to establish that the tank is not leaking.  
1.5 While this guide provides minimum procedures for assessing a tank's condition, this guide does not provide minimum installation procedures or requirements for upgrades of the tank by cathodic protection.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil ORP, in conjunction with other soil characteristics such as electrical resistivity (see Test Methods G57 and G187), is used to predict corrosion tendencies of buried metallic structures (for example, pipelines and culverts. The ORP of the soil is one of many factors that influence structure service life. Its measurement is used in the design of new buried structures and in the evaluation of existing buried structures.  
5.2 Soil ORP is a time-sensitive measurement. For an accurate indication of soil corrosivity, the measurement should be made as soon as practicable after removal of the soil sample from the ground.  
5.3 The user of this test method is responsible for determining the significance of reported ORP measurements. ORP alone should typically not be used in characterizing the corrosivity of a particular soil. ORP measurements are appropriate when evaluating oxygen related reactions.  
5.4 ORP measurements can sometimes be quite variable and non-reproducible. This is related, in part, to the general heterogeneity of a given soil. It is also related to the introduction of increased oxygen into the sample after extraction. The interpretation of soil ORP should be considered in terms of its general range rather than as an absolute measurement.  
5.5 ORP measurements can be used to determine if a particular soil has the propensity to support microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) attack. These measurements can also be used to provide an indication of whether soil conditions will be aerobic or anaerobic. Appendix X1 provides reference guidelines for general interpretation of ORP data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure and related test equipment for measuring oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of soil samples removed from the ground.  
1.2 The procedure in Section 9 is appropriate for field and laboratory measurements.  
1.3 Accurate measurement of oxidation-reduction potential aids in the analysis of soil corrosivity and its impact on buried metallic structure corrosion rates.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test is a guide for evaluating magnesium anodes. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation potential) and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75 % gypsum (CaSO4·2H 2O), 20 % bentonite clay, and 5 % sodium sulfate (Na 2SO4). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test. Note 1—Refer to Terminology G15 for terms used in this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 7 and Paragraph 8.1.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
5.2 Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.  
5.3 The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method.  
5.4 The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures.  
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory.  
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.  
Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.
The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method.
The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory.
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Low resistance between the rails and earth could result in large magnitudes of stray earth currents with the attendant corrosion damage to underground metallic structures.
These measurements are of a low voltage type and are not designed to evaluate the high voltage dielectric characteristics of the rail insulating elements.
Sections of track with rail-to-earth resistances less than acceptable minimums must be tested in greater detail to determine the reason(s) for this condition. Determination of the reason(s) for any low rail-to-earth resistance may require the use of special testing techniques or special instruments, or both, beyond the scope of this practice.
The electrical tests call for the use of electric meters that have varying characteristics depending on cost, manufacture, and generic type. It is assumed that any person employing the test procedures contained herein will know how to determine and apply proper correction factors and that they will have sufficient knowledge to ensure reasonable accuracy in the data obtained.
This practice does not encompass all possible field conditions to obtain rail-to-earth resistance characteristics. No general set of test procedures will be applicable to all situations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures necessary to follow for measuring resistance-to-earth of the running rails which are used as the conductors for returning the train operating current to the substation in electric mass transit systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measurement of soil resistivity is used for the control of corrosion of buried structures. Soil resistivity is used both for the estimation of expected corrosion rates and for the design of cathodic protection systems. As an essential design parameter for cathodic protection systems, it is important to take as many measurements as necessary so as to get a sufficiently representative characterization of the soil environment that the entire buried structure will experience.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the field measurement of soil resistivity, both in situ and for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 To convert cm (metric unit) to metre (SI unit), divide by 100.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion testing. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57–78(1984)).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion information.
The primary application of the data from this practice is to evaluate metallic materials for use in soil environments.
This practice may not duplicate all field conditions and variables such as stray currents, microbiologically influenced corrosion, non-homogeneous conditions, and long cell corrosion. The reproducibility of results in the practice is highly dependent on the type of specimen tested and the evaluation criteria selected as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results.
Structures and components may be made of several different metals; therefore, the practice may be used to evaluate galvanic corrosion effects in soils (see Guide G71).
Structures and components may be coated with sacrificial or noble metal coatings, which may be scratched or otherwise rendered discontinuous (for example, no coating on the edges of metal strips cut from a wide sheet). This test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective metallic coatings.
Structures and components may be coated or jacketed with organic materials (for example, paints and plastics), and these coatings and jackets may be rendered discontinuous. The test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective or incompletely covering coatings and jackets.
The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt content (related parameters are soil resistivity, see Test Method G57, and chemistry), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil pH, see Test Method G51), and oxygen content (loose, for example, sand, or compact, for example, clay, soils are extreme examples). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination thereof, should establish the nature of the expected soil environment(s) and select the test environment(s) accordingly. Multiple types of soil can be used to ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on engineering materials.
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation, test environments, and evaluation of test results.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides three methods for determining the suitability of a buried steel tank to be upgraded with cathodic protection.
This guide may be used to assess any UST, including non-regulated USTs.
This guide provides three alternative methods but does not recommend any specific method or application. The responsibility for selection of a method rests with the user.
This guide has specific requirements for vendor provided information which should be requested and reviewed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures to be implemented prior to the application of cathodic protection for evaluating the suitability of a tank for upgrading by cathodic protection alone.
1.2 Three procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, and C.
1.2.1 Method A—Noninvasive with primary emphasis on statistical and electrochemical analysis of external site environment corrosion data.
1.2.2 Method B—Invasive ultrasonic thickness testing with external corrosion evaluation.
1.2.3 Method C—Invasive permanently recorded visual inspection and evaluation including external corrosion assessment.
1.3 This guide presents the methodology and the procedures utilizing site and tank specific data for determining a tank's condition and the suitability for such tanks to be upgraded with cathodic protection.
1.4 The tank's condition shall be assessed using Method A, B, or C. Prior to assessing the tank, a preliminary site survey shall be performed pursuant to Section 8 and the tank shall be tightness tested pursuant to 5.2 to establish that the tank is not leaking.
1.5 While this guide provides minimum procedures for assessing a tank's condition, this guide does not provide minimum installation procedures or requirements for upgrades of the tank by cathodic protection.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Soil ORP, in conjunction with other soil characteristics such as electrical resistivity (see Test Methods G 57 and G 187), is used to predict corrosion tendencies of buried metallic structures (for example, pipelines and culverts. The ORP of the soil is one of many factors that influence structure service life. Its measurement is used in the design of new buried structures and in the evaluation of existing buried structures.
Soil ORP is a time-sensitive measurement. For an accurate indication of soil corrosivity, the measurement should be made as soon as practicable after removal of the soil sample from the ground.
The user of this test method is responsible for determining the significance of reported ORP measurements. ORP alone should typically not be used in characterizing the corrosivity of a particular soil. ORP measurements are appropriate when evaluating oxygen related reactions.
ORP measurements can sometimes be quite variable and non-reproducible. This is related, in part, to the general heterogeneity of a given soil. It is also related to the introduction of increased oxygen into the sample after extraction. The interpretation of soil ORP should be considered in terms of its general range rather than as an absolute measurement.
ORP measurements can be used to determine if a particular soil has the propensity to support microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) attack. These measurements can also be used to provide an indication of whether soil conditions will be aerobic or anaerobic. Appendix X1 provides reference guidelines for general interpretation of ORP data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure and related test equipment for measuring oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of soil samples removed from the ground.
1.2 The procedure in Section 9 is appropriate for field and laboratory measurements.
1.3 Accurate measurement of oxidation-reduction potential aids in the analysis of soil corrosivity and its impact on buried metallic structure corrosion rates.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test is a guide for evaluating magnesium anodes. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation potential) and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75 % gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), 20 % bentonite clay, and 5 % sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test.  
Note 1—Refer to Terminology G 15 for terms used in this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 7 and Paragraph 8.1.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measurement of soil resistivity is used for the control of corrosion of buried structures. Soil resistivity is used both for the estimation of expected corrosion rates and for the design of cathodic protection systems. As an essential design parameter for cathodic protection systems, it is important to take as many measurements as necessary so as to get a sufficiently representative characterization of the soil environment that the entire buried structure will experience.
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the equipment and procedures for the field measurement of soil resistivity, both in situand for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 To convert cm (metric unit) to metre (SI unit), divide by 100.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5  
Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures.
The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G 57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method.
The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and a procedure for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used n the field or in the laboratory.
1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion testing. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G 57 - 78 (1984)).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Low resistance between the rails and earth could result in large magnitudes of stray earth currents with the attendant corrosion damage to underground metallic structures.
These measurements are of a low voltage type and are not designed to evaluate the high voltage dielectric characteristics of the rail insulating elements.
Sections of track with rail-to-earth resistances less than acceptable minimums must be tested in greater detail to determine the reason(s) for this condition. Determination of the reason(s) for any low rail-to-earth resistance may require the use of special testing techniques or special instruments, or both, beyond the scope of this practice.
The electrical tests call for the use of electric meters that have varying characteristics depending on cost, manufacture, and generic type. It is assumed that any person employing the test procedures contained herein will know how to determine and apply proper correction factors and that they will have sufficient knowledge to ensure reasonable accuracy in the data obtained.
This practice does not encompass all possible field conditions to obtain rail-to-earth resistance characteristics. No general set of test procedures will be applicable to all situations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures necessary to follow for measuring resistance-to-earth of the running rails which are used as the conductors for returning the train operating current to the substation in electric mass transit systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion information.
The primary application of the data from this practice is to evaluate metallic materials for use in soil environments.
This practice may not duplicate all field conditions and variables such as stray currents, microbiologically influenced corrosion, non-homogeneous conditions, and long cell corrosion. The reproducibility of results in the practice is highly dependent on the type of specimen tested and the evaluation criteria selected as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results.
Structures and components may be made of several different metals; therefore, the practice may be used to evaluate galvanic corrosion effects in soils (see Guide G 71).
Structures and components may be coated with sacrificial or noble metal coatings, which may be scratched or otherwise rendered discontinuous (for example, no coating on the edges of metal strips cut from a wide sheet). This test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective metallic coatings.
Structures and components may be coated or jacketed with organic materials (for example, paints and plastics), and these coatings and jackets may be rendered discontinuous. The test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective or incompletely covering coatings and jackets.
The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt content (related parameters are soil resistivity, see Test Method G 57, and chemistry), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil pH, see Test Method G 51), and oxygen content (loose, for example, sand, or compact, for example, clay, soils are extreme examples). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination thereof, should establish the nature of the expected soil environment(s) and select the test environment(s) accordingly. Multiple types of soil can be used ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on engineering materials.
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation, test environments, and evaluation of test results.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides three methods for determining the suitability of a buried steel tank to be upgraded with cathodic protection.
This guide may be used to assess any UST, including non-regulated USTs.
This guide provides three alternative methods but does not recommend any specific method or application. The responsibility for selection of a method rests with the user.
This guide has specific requirements for vendor provided information which should be requested and reviewed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures to be implemented prior to the application of cathodic protection for evaluating the suitability of a tank for upgrading by cathodic protection alone.
1.2 Three procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, and C.
1.2.1 Method ANoninvasive with primary emphasis on statistical and electrochemical analysis of external site environment corrosion data.
1.2.2 Method BInvasive ultrasonic thickness testing with external corrosion evaluation.
1.2.3 Method CInvasive permanently recorded visual inspection and evaluation including external corrosion assessment.
1.3 This guide presents the methodology and the procedures utilizing site and tank specific data for determining a tank's condition and the suitability for such tanks to be upgraded with cathodic protection.
1.4 The tank's condition shall be assessed using Method A, B, or C. Prior to assessing the tank, a preliminary site survey shall be performed pursuant to Section and the tank shall be tightness tested pursuant to to establish that the tank is not leaking.
1.5 While this guide provides minimum procedures for assessing a tank's condition, this guide does not provide minimum installation procedures or requirements for upgrades of the tank by cathodic protection.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the equipment and procedures for the field measurement of soil resistivity, both in situand for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 To convert cm (metric unit) to metre (SI unit), divide by 100.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the equipment and procedures for the field measurement of soil resistivity, both in situand for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.
1.2 To convert cm (metric unit) to metre (SI unit), divide by 100.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion testing. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57-78(1984)).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures necessary to follow for measuring resistance-to-earth of the running rails which are used as the conductors for returning the train operating current to the substation in electric mass transit systems.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on engineering materials.
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation, test environments, and evaluation of test results.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures to be implemented prior to the application of cathodic protection for evaluating the suitability of a tank for upgrading by cathodic protection alone.  
1.2 Three procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, and C.  
1.2.1 Method A- Noninvasive with primary emphasis on statistical and electrochemical analysis of external site environment corrosion data.  
1.2.2 Method B- Invasive ultrasonic thickness testing with external corrosion evaluation.  
1.2.3 Method C- Invasive permanently recorded visual inspection and evaluation including external corrosion assessment.  
1.3 This guide presents the methodology and the procedures utilizing site and tank specific data for determining a tank's condition and the suitability for such tanks to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
1.4 The tank's condition shall be assessed using Method A, B, or C. Prior to assessing the tank, a preliminary site survey shall be performed pursuant to Section 8 and the tank shall be tightness tested pursuant to 5.2 to establish that the tank is not leaking.  
1.5 While this guide provides minimum procedures for assessing a tank's condition, this guide does not provide minimum installation procedures or requirements for upgrades of the tank by cathodic protection.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test is a guide for evaluating magnesium anodes. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation potential) and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75 % gypsum (CaSO42H 2O), 20 % bentonite clay, and 5 % sodium sulfate (Na 2SO4). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test.
Note 1—Refer to Terminology G 15 for terms used in this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 7 and Paragraph 8.1.1.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation potential) and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75% gypsum (CaSO42H2 O), 20% bentonite clay, and 5% sodium sulfate (Na2SO4 ). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test.
Note 1--Refer to Terminology G15 for terms used in this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 7 and Paragraph 8.1.1.