ASTM F2479-12(2017)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Specification, Purchase, Installation and Maintenance of Poured-In-Place Playground Surfacing
Standard Guide for Specification, Purchase, Installation and Maintenance of Poured-In-Place Playground Surfacing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Every elevated play structure is required to have a protective surface installed and poured-in-place surfaces are one of the many choices. These surfaces are highly technical in structure, component selection, percentages of components and installation procedures. This guide is intended to assist the playground owner/operator, specification writer, designer, and so forth in determining the properties that can be considered with regard to the poured-in-place surface and set out considerations that the user of this guide should make to ensure a successful installation. This document is a guide and should not be used directly as a performance specification for poured-in-place surfacing.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information with regard to the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of poured-in-place playground surfaces.
Note 1: This document is a guide and not intended to be used as a specification; it should be used for educational purposes.
1.2 This guide outlines the issues of compliance with existing standards, durability, and functional longevity.
1.3 This guide reviews issues such as edge treatment, abutting surfaces, and combinations with other surfaces designed for circulation or protective surfaces.
1.4 This guide presents maintenance considerations and general procedures that should be followed by the owner/operator.
1.5 This guide outlines aging considerations such as loss of impact absorption, cracking, shrinkage, heaving, and how to prevent, accommodate, or rectify those issues.
1.6 This guide presents warranty considerations.
1.7 This guide does not imply that an injury cannot be incurred when the surface system is compliant with the standards referred to in this guide.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: F2479 −12 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Specification, Purchase, Installation and Maintenance of
Poured-In-Place Playground Surfacing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2479; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This guide covers information with regard to the design,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
manufacture, installation, and maintenance of poured-in-place
playground surfaces.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—This document is a guide and not intended to be used as a 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specification; it should be used for educational purposes.
F1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing
1.2 This guide outlines the issues of compliance with
Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
existing standards, durability, and functional longevity.
F1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility of
Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-
1.3 This guide reviews issues such as edge treatment,
abutting surfaces, and combinations with other surfaces de- ment
signed for circulation or protective surfaces.
2.2 CSA Standard:
CSA Z614 Children’s Playspaces and Equipment
1.4 This guide presents maintenance considerations and
general procedures that should be followed by the owner/
3. Terminology
operator.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This guide outlines aging considerations such as loss of
3.1.1 aliphatic prepolymer—prepolymer which does not
impact absorption, cracking, shrinkage, heaving, and how to
contain any 1,3,5-cyclohexatrien group.
prevent, accommodate, or rectify those issues.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Generally highly color stable when ex-
1.6 This guide presents warranty considerations.
posed to UV radiation, no yellowing.
1.7 This guide does not imply that an injury cannot be
3.1.2 ambient grinding—processthattakesrawrubberprod-
incurred when the surface system is compliant with the
ucts and processes it to rubber crumb, chips, buffings, and so
standards referred to in this guide.
forth that is at the temperature generated by the grinding
equipment or in the location of production.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1.3 aromatic prepolymer—hydrocarbons that are made
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
from only hydrogen and carbon and contain a prepolymer
and are not considered standard.
which contains one or more 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene group.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Aromatic prepolymer are generally
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
susceptible to change when exposed to UV and moisture.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
These changes can be seen as a yellowish shading or “amber-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ing” of the top surface, especially when encapsulating rubber
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
crumb that is grey, light blue, blue, eggshell, teal, and so forth.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.4 asphalt, adjacent—bituminous bound material that is
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
used as a curb or walkway and comes into contact with the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
poured-in-place surface.
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2479 – 12. DOI: Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,
10.1520/F2479-12R17. Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2479 − 12 (2017)
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The materials and compaction shall 3.1.10 drainage, sub-surface—provision of a method of
conform to local engineering practices and have a mechanical removing water below the poured-in-place surface.
compaction of no less than 98 % standard proctor density. The 3.1.10.1 Discussion—This can be achieved by sloping the
edge of the asphalt at the junction with the poured-in-place sub-base material where it has a high clay content, using
surface shall be vertical to 30° from horizontal. Consideration drainage channels or pipes, installing a granular drainage layer
should be given to the use of an appropriate primer as for percolation.
recommended by the manufacturer to ensure adhesion of the
3.1.11 drainage, surface—sloping of the surface to allow
poured-in-place surface to the asphalt.
water to travel across the surface to a drain.
3.1.5 asphalt, base—hard, bituminous bound surface that is 3.1.11.1 Discussion—The porosity of the poured-in-place
under the poured-in-place surface. surface allows water to pass through more quickly than across
3.1.5.1 Discussion—New asphalt should cure at least 14 it unless it is fully saturated.
days, have no residual surface oils, and be pressure washed or
3.1.12 EPDM rubber product—product comprised of or-
have at least two thorough rainfalls prior to receiving poured-
ganic and inorganic materials with a minimum of 20 % and a
in-place surface. When the surface is flooded with as much as
maximum of 26 % of ethylene propylene-diene-saturated
0.2 in. (5.1 mm) of water, there should be no evidence
polymethylene main chain along with other organic and
(rainbow effect) of oils on the surface of the water.Aproperly
inorganic components. The rubber can be either peroxide or
prepared asphalt base will be able to effectively remove any
sulphur cured.
water which penetrates the poured-in-place surface. This may
3.1.13 functional longevity—ability of the poured in place
be accomplished by sloping the asphalt, installing drainage, or
surface to continue to comply with relevant ASTM standards
using porous asphalt.
and not require replacement.
3.1.6 concrete, base—concrete surface that is under the
3.1.13.1 Discussion—There are circumstances where the
poured-in-place surface.
poured-in-place surface is physically in place however because
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The concrete base should be 4 in. (100
of failures with regard to the stated performance criteria, the
mm) minimum thickness. All new concrete slabs should cure
surface needs to be replaced. The functional longevity can be
foraminimumofsevendayspriortoreceivingpoured-in-place
stated in years or by comparison to the functional life of the
surface. Concrete base should have a medium broom finish. A
play structure as stated in writing by the play structure
properly prepared concrete base will be able to effectively
manufacturer.
remove any water which penetrates the poured-in-place sur-
3.1.14 gravel, drainage layer—open course of granular
face. This may be accomplished by sloping the concrete,
material that is installed as a layer or in channels to promote
installing drainage, or using a porous concrete.
removal of water from a location.
3.1.7 concrete, adjacent—concrete material that is used as a
3.1.14.1 Discussion—The layer should have a slope that
curb or walkway and comes into contact with the poured-in-
promotes the removal of water.
place surface
3.1.15 humidity/moisture effects—changes in the poured-in-
3.1.7.1 Discussion—The materials and compaction shall
place system caused by fluctuations in absolute humidity or
conform to local engineering practices and have a moisture
exposure to moisture during the storage of materials,
content less than 5 % at the time the poured-in-place surface is
installation, and cure.
installed. The edge of the concrete at the junction with the
3.1.15.1 Discussion—Polyurethane binders are reactive to
poured-in-place surface shall be vertical. Consideration should
moisture in varying degrees, depending upon formulation. All
be given to the use of an appropriate primer as recommended
one-component polyurethane binders will require some degree
by the manufacturer to ensure adhesion of the poured-in-place
of moisture to affect a cure of the product. Dramatic changes in
surface to the concrete. Other strategies to avoid sinking of the
moistureorabsolutehumiditycancausevariablefinishesinthe
final poured-in-place surface would be to provide a “key” or
surface if they are not accounted for. During installation, some
“step” in the vertical face of the concrete to support the
poured-in-place surfaces require dry conditions, while others
poured-in-place surface.
can be installed during a light rain and others can have water
3.1.8 cryogenic grinding—process that takes a raw rubber
applied directly to the surface. Exposure to water may cause
product and processes it to rubber crumb, chips, and so forth,
the binder to foam and which may reduce the effectiveness of
a process that freezes the raw product and the frozen product is
the bond. Moisture in the rubber that is mixed with the binder
ground to the specification.
may also have an effect on the outcome of the project if not
accountedfor.Onestrategytoeliminatethisproblemistohave
3.1.9 gravel, base —mixture of crushed stone, sand, or both
the rubber stored in a dry place and if this is not possible, the
that is compacted to not less than 95 % standard proctor
rubber should be covered with tarps or other methods em-
density.
ployed to prevent moisture from entering the materials.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—A geotextile may be required between
thegranularbaseandpoured-in-placesurfacetoensurethatthe 3.1.16 lacquers—polyurethane-based product that contains
solvents applied as a top coat in a spray or roller application.
particles of the granular base do not contaminate the poured-
in-place surface. If fine particles from the base migrate into the 3.1.16.1 Discussion—This product is used to provide color
poured-in-place system the void content of the system is through the addition of a pigment, protection, or both from
reduced and the ability to attenuate force is reduced. exposure to ultraviolet light.
F2479 − 12 (2017)
3.1.17 latex binders—polymer binder that is water-based 3.1.22.1 Discussion—This rubber can vary in its content as
that has thermoplastic properties. a result of the type of tire (automobile, truck, off road, and so
forth) that is ground.
3.1.17.1 Discussion—Generally, the flexibility performance
is within a narrow range of temperature. Latex has also been
3.1.23 release agents—materialsthatpreventthebondingof
associated with allergic reactions once it has cured. There is a
the polyurethane to other surfaces.
concern for children with exposed skin coming into contact 3.1.23.1 Discussion—These can be waxes, silicone, or pe-
with this binder, as well persons with disabilities who have a
troleum jelly.
propensity to allergic reactions to latex.
3.1.24 rubber buffıngs—strands of rubber that are product
shavings of rubber feedstock, typically tires, ranging in size
3.1.18 polymer binders—synthetic binders used in the
from 0.079 to 0.87 in. (2 to 20 mm) in length and 0.039 to
manufacture of the poured-in-place surface that coat the
0.157 in. (1 to 4 mm) in width.
individual rubber chips, crumb, or buffings.
3.1.25 rubber chips—particles of rubber that have been
3.1.18.1 Discussion—These binders are to provide flexibil-
producedbyambientorcryogenicgrindingofrubberfeedstock
ity to allow the rubber particles to move in relation to one
to a size of 0.197 to 0.59 in. (5 to 15 mm).
another and have the strength to stop the bond from breaking
at maximum elongation. These binders are man-made from
3.1.26 rubber crumb—particles of rubber that have been
petrochemicals and some of these demonstrate flexibility at a
producedbyambientorcryogenicgrindingofrubberfeedstock
range of temperatures that children are expecting to use the
to a size of between 0.02 and 0.197 in. (0. 5 and 5 mm).
playground and specifically to allow compliance with Specifi-
3.1.26.1 Discussion—Rubber crumb shall contain less than
cation F1292. Polymer binders with a glass transition tempera-
2 % rubber dust, fine rubber passing a 0.85 mm screen, as this
ture above –22°F (–30°C) and with high sensitivity to damage
can consume binder and affect the performance and longevity
by submersion in water are to be avoided.
of the surface. The supplier of the rubber crumb shall be able
to supply a sieve curve analysis that stipulates the components
3.1.19 polyurethane—polymer binder that demonstrates
and their percentages to the poured-in-place supplier.
flexibility and strength over a wide range of temperatures.
3.1.27 SBR rubber—styrene butadiene rubber or a rubber
3.1.19.1 Discussion—Polyurethane is manufactured in both
compound consisting mainly of styrene butadiene rubber such
one-component (moisture cured) and two-component (mixing
as tire rubber.
part A and part B in a specified ratio). Binders used in
3.1.27.1 Discussion—This rubber is generally a major com-
poured-in-place surfaces are almost always of the one-
ponent of the tire manufacturing processes.
component type. Certain polyurethane binders can be damaged
3.1.28 screed—straight-edged device that is used to provide
through exposure to ultraviolet light and immersion in water.
an even thickness of material.
UV-resistant polyurethane lacquers may be applied to the
surface following installation of the poured-in-place surface. 3.1.28.1 Discussion—Screed is generally used to ensure the
evenness and thickness of the lower layer of the poured-in-
These lacquers are typically two-component. Once cured,
place system.
polyurethane produces no known allergic reactions.
3.1.29 solvents—hydrocarbons and other chemical sub-
3.1.20 recycled black EPDM rubber—crumb manufactured
stances which are normally non-reactive to polyurethanes and
through ambient or cryogenic grinding or crushing of post
canwashoffordilutepolymerbinders.Curedbindersmightbe
industrial scrap, containing a mixture of types of rubber
swol
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2479 − 12 F2479 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Specification, Purchase, Installation and Maintenance of
Poured-In-Place Playground Surfacing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2479; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers information with regard to the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of poured-in-place
playground surfaces.
NOTE 1—This document is a guide and not intended to be used as a specification; it should be used for educational purposes.
1.2 This guide outlines the issues of compliance with existing standards, durability, and functional longevity.
1.3 This guide reviews issues such as edge treatment, abutting surfaces, and combinations with other surfaces designed for
circulation or protective surfaces.
1.4 This guide presents maintenance considerations and general procedures that should be followed by the owner/operator.
1.5 This guide outlines aging considerations such as loss of impact absorption, cracking, shrinkage, heaving, and how to
prevent, accommodate, or rectify those issues.
1.6 This guide presents warranty considerations.
1.7 This guide does not imply that an injury cannot be incurred when the surface system is compliant with the standards referred
to in this guide.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
F1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility of Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equipment
2.2 CSA Standard:
CSA Z614 Children’s Playspaces and Equipment
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 aliphatic prepolymer—prepolymer which does not contain any 1,3,5-cyclohexatrien group.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.
Current edition approved May 15, 2012April 1, 2017. Published June 2012April 2017. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20112012 as
F2479 – 11.F2479 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/F2479-12.10.1520/F2479-12R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2479 − 12 (2017)
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Generally highly color stable when exposed to UV radiation, no yellowing.
3.1.2 ambient grinding—process that takes raw rubber products and processes it to rubber crumb, chips, buffings, and so forth
that is at the temperature generated by the grinding equipment or in the location of production.
3.1.3 aromatic prepolymer—hydrocarbons that are made from only hydrogen and carbon and contain a prepolymer which
contains one or more 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene group.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Aromatic prepolymer are generally susceptible to change when exposed to UV and moisture. These changes can be seen as a
yellowish shading or “ambering” of the top surface, especially when encapsulating rubber crumb that is grey, light blue, blue,
eggshell, teal, and so forth.
3.1.4 asphalt, adjacent—bituminous bound material that is used as a curb or walkway and comes into contact with the
poured-in-place surface.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
The materials and compaction shall conform to local engineering practices and have a mechanical compaction of no less than 98 %
standard proctor density. The edge of the asphalt at the junction with the poured-in-place surface shall be vertical to 30° from
horizontal. Consideration should be given to the use of an appropriate primer as recommended by the manufacturer to ensure
adhesion of the poured-in-place surface to the asphalt.
3.1.5 asphalt, base—hard, bituminous bound surface that is under the poured-in-place surface.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
New asphalt should cure at least 14 days, have no residual surface oils, and be pressure washed or have at least two thorough
rainfalls prior to receiving poured-in-place surface. When the surface is flooded with as much as 0.2 in. (5.1 mm) of water, there
should be no evidence (rainbow effect) of oils on the surface of the water. A properly prepared asphalt base will be able to
effectively remove any water which penetrates the poured-in-place surface. This may be accomplished by sloping the asphalt,
installing drainage, or using porous asphalt.
3.1.6 concrete, base—concrete surface that is under the poured-in-place surface.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
The concrete base should be 4 in. (100 mm) minimum thickness. All new concrete slabs should cure for a minimum of seven days
prior to receiving poured-in-place surface. Concrete base should have a medium broom finish. A properly prepared concrete base
will be able to effectively remove any water which penetrates the poured-in-place surface. This may be accomplished by sloping
the concrete, installing drainage, or using a porous concrete.
3.1.7 concrete, adjacent—concrete material that is used as a curb or walkway and comes into contact with the poured-in-place
surface
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
The materials and compaction shall conform to local engineering practices and have a moisture content less than 5 % at the time
the poured-in-place surface is installed. The edge of the concrete at the junction with the poured-in-place surface shall be vertical.
Consideration should be given to the use of an appropriate primer as recommended by the manufacturer to ensure adhesion of the
poured-in-place surface to the concrete. Other strategies to avoid sinking of the final poured-in-place surface would be to provide
a “key” or “step” in the vertical face of the concrete to support the poured-in-place surface.
3.1.8 cryogenic grinding—process that takes a raw rubber product and processes it to rubber crumb, chips, and so forth, a
process that freezes the raw product and the frozen product is ground to the specification.
3.1.9 gravel, base —mixture of crushed stone, sand, or both that is compacted to not less than 95 % standard proctor density.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—
F2479 − 12 (2017)
A geotextile may be required between the granular base and poured-in-place surface to ensure that the particles of the granular base
do not contaminate the poured-in-place surface. If fine particles from the base migrate into the poured-in-place system the void
content of the system is reduced and the ability to attenuate force is reduced.
3.1.10 drainage, sub-surface—provision of a method of removing water below the poured-in-place surface.
3.1.10.1 Discussion—
This can be achieved by sloping the sub-base material where it has a high clay content, using drainage channels or pipes, installing
a granular drainage layer for percolation.
3.1.11 drainage, surface—sloping of the surface to allow water to travel across the surface to a drain.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—
The porosity of the poured-in-place surface allows water to pass through more quickly than across it unless it is fully saturated.
3.1.12 EPDM rubber product—product comprised of organic and inorganic materials with a minimum of 20 % and a maximum
of 26 % of ethylene propylene-diene-saturated polymethylene main chain along with other organic and inorganic components. The
rubber can be either peroxide or sulphur cured.
3.1.13 functional longevity—ability of the poured in place surface to continue to comply with relevant ASTM standards and not
require replacement.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—
There are circumstances where the poured-in-place surface is physically in place however because of failures with regard to the
stated performance criteria, the surface needs to be replaced. The functional longevity can be stated in years or by comparison to
the functional life of the play structure as stated in writing by the play structure manufacturer.
3.1.14 gravel, drainage layer—open course of granular material that is installed as a layer or in channels to promote removal
of water from a location.
3.1.14.1 Discussion—
The layer should have a slope that promotes the removal of water.
3.1.15 humidity/moisture effects—changes in the poured-in-place system caused by fluctuations in absolute humidity or
exposure to moisture during the storage of materials, installation, and cure.
3.1.15.1 Discussion—
Polyurethane binders are reactive to moisture in varying degrees, depending upon formulation. All one-component polyurethane
binders will require some degree of moisture to affect a cure of the product. Dramatic changes in moisture or absolute humidity
can cause variable finishes in the surface if they are not accounted for. During installation, some poured-in-place surfaces require
dry conditions, while others can be installed during a light rain and others can have water applied directly to the surface. Exposure
to water may cause the binder to foam and which may reduce the effectiveness of the bond. Moisture in the rubber that is mixed
with the binder may also have an effect on the outcome of the project if not accounted for. One strategy to eliminate this problem
is to have the rubber stored in a dry place and if this is not possible, the rubber should be covered with tarps or other methods
employed to prevent moisture from entering the materials.
3.1.16 lacquers—polyurethane-based product that contains solvents applied as a top coat in a spray or roller application.
3.1.16.1 Discussion—
This product is used to provide color through the addition of a pigment, protection, or both from exposure to ultraviolet light.
3.1.17 latex binders—polymer binder that is water-based that has thermoplastic properties.
3.1.17.1 Discussion—
Generally, the flexibility performance is within a narrow range of temperature. Latex has also been associated with allergic
F2479 − 12 (2017)
reactions once it has cured. There is a concern for children with exposed skin coming into contact with this binder, as well persons
with disabilities who have a propensity to allergic reactions to latex.
3.1.18 polymer binders—synthetic binders used in the manufacture of the poured-in-place surface that coat the individual rubber
chips, crumb, or buffings.
3.1.18.1 Discussion—
These binders are to provide flexibility to allow the rubber particles to move in relation to one another and have the strength to
stop the bond from breaking at maximum elongation. These binders are man-made from petrochemicals and some of these
demonstrate flexibility at a range of temperatures that children are expecting to use the playground and specifically to allow
compliance with Specification F1292. Polymer binders with a glass transition temperature above –22°F (–30°C) and with high
sensitivity to damage by submersion in water are to be avoided.
3.1.19 polyurethane—polymer binder that demonstrates flexibility and strength over a wide range of temperatures.
3.1.19.1 Discussion—
Polyurethane is manufactured in both one-component (moisture cured) and two-component (mixing part A and part B in a specified
ratio). Binders used in poured-in-place surfaces are almost always of the one-component type. Certain polyurethane binders can
be damaged through exposure to ultraviolet light and immersion in water. UV-resistant polyurethane lacquers may be applied to
the surface following installation of the poured-in-place surface. These lacquers are typically two-component. Once cured,
polyurethane produces no known allergic reactions.
3.1.20 recycled black EPDM rubber—crumb manufactured through ambient or cryogenic grinding or crushing of post industrial
scrap, containing a mixture of types of rubber including EPDM rubber product and varying in size. This rubber must have a
minimum of 4 % actual EPDM content.
3.1.20.1 Discussion—
The actual percentage of EPDM content will be significantly less than new EPDM rubber product due to the inclusion of other
industrial scrap rubber that is sourced in the recycling process.
3.1.21 recycled post consumer or industrial rubber —rubber crumb that is the result of granulating in an ambient or cryogenic
process from a variety of scrap rubber produced as a part of an industrial process or at the end of an industrial or consumer good
made of rubber.
3.1.21.1 Discussion—
This is manufactured into rubber crumb as the feedstock and is often of limited dimension. The variety of rubber can be very large
in that this can include any waste rubber from a manufacturing process or post consumer use.
3.1.22 recycled tire rubber—rubber crumb, chips, or buffings made from post manufacturing of tires or post consumer tires.
3.1.22.1 Discussion—
This rubber can vary in its content as a result of the type of tire (automobile, truck, off road, and so forth) that is ground.
3.1.23 release agents—materials that prevent the bonding of the polyurethane to other surfaces.
3.1.23.1 Discussion—
These can be waxes, silicone, or petroleum jelly.
3.1.24 rubber buffıngs—strands of rubber that are product shavings of rubber feedstock, typically tires, rangi
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