ASTM G164-99(2018)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very expensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysis techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple friction test like this one performs this function.  
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to make sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coefficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens to determine if a lubricant is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on the web by the inclined plane method. The objectives of the test is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not. It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material. It is not intended to rank lubricants.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2018
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.50 - Friction

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM G164-99(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Replaced By: ASTM G164-99(2023) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Referred By: ASTM G115-10(2018) - Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Referred By: ASTM G182-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Breakaway Friction Characteristics of Rolling Element Bearings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G164 − 99 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, µ, n, in tribology—the dimen-
sionlessratioofthefrictionforce(F)betweentwobodiestothe
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together.
ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on
3.1.2 friction force, n—the resisting force tangential to the
processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the
interface between two bodies when, under the action of
presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic
external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the
films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the
other.
applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may
need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures
3.1.3 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two
the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on
surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wear
thewebbytheinclinedplanemethod.Theobjectivesofthetest
between them.
is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.
3.1.4 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the coefficient of
It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.
friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that must
It is not intended to rank lubricants.
be overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
bodies.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.5 triboelement, n—one of two or more solid bodies
standard.
which comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
body subjected to impingement or cavitation.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.6 tribology, n—the science and technology concerned
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
with interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
lubrication, wear, and erosion.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.7 tribosystem, n—any system that contains one or more
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Summary of Test Method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 This test method can be used to measure the friction
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
characteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding against
the curved smooth surface of a paper clip.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip taken
2.1 ANSI/ISO Standards:
from a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined plane
ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 for
device with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip is
Photography-Processed Films-Method for Determining
balanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in the
Lubrication
horizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until the
3. Terminology
rider breaks away.
3.1 Definitions:
4.3 Theangleatwhichbreakawayoccurredisrecorded.The
tangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-
system.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
5. Significance and Use
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2018.PublishedJuly2018.Originallyapproved
in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as G164 – 99 (2013). DOI:
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in
10.1520/G0164-99R18.
manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G164 − 99 (2018)
of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very 6.2.3 It shall have a device for test material attachment or it
expensiveandtimeconsumingtousesurfacechemicalanalysis shall have sufficient room to allow attachment with two-sided
techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple pressure sensitive adhesive.
friction test like this one performs this function. 6.2.4 It shall be capable of being raised and lowered with
smooth uninterrupted motion and it shall have a means of
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect
clamping the plane at the angle at which rider breakaway
the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films
occurs.
at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces
are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the 6.3 Angle Measurement—The test metric is the angle incli-
wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, nation of the inclined plane (θ) when rider motion occurs. This
only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to angle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of a
make sure that a lubricant is present.Test samples are normally gage on the device.Asuitable device for angle measurement is
compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef- an electronic level. These devices present a digital angle
ficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the readout to two places. The devices reputedly are accurate to
60.1°. The least count on the angle-measuring protractor shall
coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens
to determine if a lubricant is present. be 1°.
6. Apparatus
7. Test Procedure
6.1 Friction Slider—The rider in this friction test is a
7.1 Sample Preparation—Test samples shall be the thick-
U-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. This
ness of the test material with a width between 25 and 35 mm
rider slides on the test web that is attached to the inclined
and a l
...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G164 − 99 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, µ, n, in tribology—the dimen-
sionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together.
ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on
3.1.2 friction force, n—the resisting force tangential to the
processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the
interface between two bodies when, under the action of
presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic
external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the
films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the
other.
applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may
need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures
3.1.3 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two
the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on
surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wear
the web by the inclined plane method. The objectives of the test
between them.
is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.
3.1.4 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the coefficient of
It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.
friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that must
It is not intended to rank lubricants.
be overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
bodies.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.5 triboelement, n—one of two or more solid bodies
standard.
which comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
body subjected to impingement or cavitation.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.6 tribology, n—the science and technology concerned
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
with interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
lubrication, wear, and erosion.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.7 tribosystem, n—any system that contains one or more
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Summary of Test Method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 This test method can be used to measure the friction
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
characteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding against
the curved smooth surface of a paper clip.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip taken
2.1 ANSI/ISO Standards:
from a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined plane
ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 for
device with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip is
Photography-Processed Films-Method for Determining
balanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in the
Lubrication
horizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until the
3. Terminology
rider breaks away.
3.1 Definitions:
4.3 The angle at which breakaway occurred is recorded. The
tangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-
system.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approved
in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as G164 – 99 (2013). DOI:
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in
10.1520/G0164-99R18.
2 manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G164 − 99 (2018)
of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very 6.2.3 It shall have a device for test material attachment or it
expensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysis shall have sufficient room to allow attachment with two-sided
techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple pressure sensitive adhesive.
friction test like this one performs this function. 6.2.4 It shall be capable of being raised and lowered with
smooth uninterrupted motion and it shall have a means of
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect
clamping the plane at the angle at which rider breakaway
the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films
occurs.
at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces
are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the 6.3 Angle Measurement—The test metric is the angle incli-
wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, nation of the inclined plane (θ) when rider motion occurs. This
only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to angle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of a
make sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally gage on the device. A suitable device for angle measurement is
compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef- an electronic level. These devices present a digital angle
ficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the readout to two places. The devices reputedly are accurate to
coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens 60.1°. The least count on the angle-measuring protractor shall
to determine if a lubricant is present. be 1°.
6. Apparatus
7. Test Procedure
6.1 Friction Slider—The rider in this friction test is a
7.1 Sample Preparation—Test samples shall be the thick-
U-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. This
ness of the test material with a width between 25 and 35 mm
rider slides on the test web that is attached to the inclined
and a length of at least 150 mm. Take care to not contaminate
plane. The material of con
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G164 − 99 (Reapproved 2013) G164 − 99 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on processed
photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic films. It is the
purpose of this test method to expand the applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may need lubrication for
suitable performance. This test measures the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on the web by the inclined
plane method. The objectives of the test is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not. It is not intended to assign
a friction coefficient to a material. It is not intended to rank lubricants.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ANSI/ISO Standards:
ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 for Photography-Processed Films-Method for Determining Lubrication
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, μ, n, in tribology—the dimensionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the normal
force (N) pressing these bodies together.
3.1.2 friction force, n—the resisting force tangential to the interface between two bodies when, under the action of external
force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the other.
3.1.3 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wear between
them.
3.1.4 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the coefficient of friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that must be
overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two bodies.
3.1.5 triboelement, n—one of two or more solid bodies which comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a body
subjected to impingement or cavitation.
3.1.6 tribology, n—the science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,
lubrication, wear, and erosion.
3.1.7 tribosystem, n—any system that contains one or more triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and
environmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method can be used to measure the friction characteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding against the
curved smooth surface of a paper clip.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013June 1, 2018. Published November 2013July 2018. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20092013 as
G164–99(2009).G164 – 99 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/G0164-99R13.10.1520/G0164-99R18.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G164 − 99 (2018)
4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip taken from a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined plane device
with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip is balanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in the horizontal position.
The plane is then angled upward until the rider breaks away.
4.3 The angle at which breakaway occurred is recorded. The tangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribosystem.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless their surface
contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very expensive and
time consuming to use surface chemical analysis techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple friction test like this
one performs this function.
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films at
various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the wax is
present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to make sure that
a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coefficient of friction of
the test samples is compared with the coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens to determine if a lubricant is
present.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Friction Slider—The rider in this friction test is a U-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. This rider slides
on the test web that is attached to the inclined plane. The material of construction is not important, but the center of gravity shall
be at least 25 mm below the end of the paper clip. Acrylic sheet has been determined to be a suitable material of construction. The
paper clip must be uncoated steel and have a smooth (as opposed to serrated or dull) finish. The overall dimensions of suitable
paper clips are between 5 and 8 mm wide and between 25 and 35 mm long. The wire diameter should be in the range of 0.6 to
0.75 mm. The mass of the slider should be in the range of 50 to 100 g.
6.2 Inclined Plane—The dimensions and typical construction of the inclined plane test rig are shown in Fig. 1. The essential
requirements of the inclined plane are:
6.2.1 The surface of the inclined plane should be smooth (<0.2 μm Ra surface roughness) rigid and not deformable under test
conditions. Acrylic sheet
...