ASTM G164-99(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very expensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysis techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple friction test like this one performs this function.
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to make sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coefficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens to determine if a lubricant is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on the web by the inclined plane method. The objectives of the test is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not. It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material. It is not intended to rank lubricants.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: G164 − 99 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.3 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two
surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wear
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an
between them.
ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on
3.1.4 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the coefficient of
processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the
presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that must
be overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two
films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the
applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may bodies.
need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures
3.1.5 triboelement, n—one of two or more solid bodies
the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on
which comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a
thewebbytheinclinedplanemethod.Theobjectivesofthetest
body subjected to impingement or cavitation.
is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.
3.1.6 tribology, n—the science and technology concerned
It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.
with interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,
It is not intended to rank lubricants.
lubrication, wear, and erosion.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.7 tribosystem, n—any system that contains one or more
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-
standard.
ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 This test method can be used to measure the friction
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
characteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding against
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the curved smooth surface of a paper clip.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip taken
2.1 ANSI/ISO Standards: from a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined plane
device with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip is
ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 for
Photography-Processed Films-Method for Determining balanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in the
horizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until the
Lubrication
rider breaks away.
3. Terminology
4.3 Theangleatwhichbreakawayoccurredisrecorded.The
3.1 Definitions:
tangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, µ, n, in tribology—the dimen-
system.
sionlessratioofthefrictionforce(F)betweentwobodiestothe
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.2 friction force, n—the resisting force tangential to the
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in
interface between two bodies when, under the action of
manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless
external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the
their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form
other.
of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very
expensiveandtimeconsumingtousesurfacechemicalanalysis
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
friction test like this one performs this function.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as G164–99(2009). DOI:
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect
10.1520/G0164-99R13.
the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G164 − 99 (2013)
are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the 6.3 Angle Measurement—The test metric is the angle incli-
wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, nation of the inclined plane (θ) when rider motion occurs. This
only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to angle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of a
make sure that a lubricant is present.Test samples are normally gage on the device.Asuitable device for angle measurement is
compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef- an electronic level. These devices present a digital angle
ficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the readout to two places. The devices reputedly are accurate to
coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens 60.1°. The least count on the angle-measuring protractor shall
to determine if a lubricant is present. be 1°.
6. Apparatus
7. Test Procedure
6.1 Friction Slider—The rider in this friction test is a
7.1 Sample Preparation—Test samples shall be the thick-
U-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. This
ness of the test material with a width between 25 and 35 mm
rider slides on the test web that is attached to the inclined
and a length of at least 150 mm. Take care to not contaminate
plane. The material of construction is not important, but the
the test with fingerprints or other material that is not normally
center of gravity shall be at least 25 mm below the end of the
found on the test surface. Outer convolutions of web rolls are
paper clip. Acrylic sheet has been determined to be a suitable
often contaminated by operators holding the film tight while
material of construction. The paper clip must be uncoated steel
the roll is taped. Do not use outer convolutions f
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