ASTM C1752-11

Standard Guide for Measuring Physical and Rheological Properties of Radioactive Solutions, Slurries, and Sludges

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measurements performed in this guide are limited to radioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges as well as simulants designed to model the properties of these radioactive materials.
Data obtained from the measurement and calculation of physical and rheological properties of radioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges are essential in developing appropriate simulants for design and testing of retrieval, transport, mixing, and storage systems for treatment of radioactive materials. These data also provide input parameters for modeling the flow behavior, processing, transport, safety, and storage of these radioactive materials.
Consistency in the handling of samples, measurement methods, and calculations is essential in obtaining reproducible results of rheological and physical property measurements.
This guide will be used to measure or calculate the physical properties listed below.  
Bulk slurry density
Settled solids density
Centrifuged solids density
Supernatant density
Settling rate
Volume percent centrifuged solids
Volume percent settled solids after settling
Undissolved solids content
Dissolved solids content  
Weight percent centrifuged solids
Weight percent total oxides
Solids content of the centrifuged solids
Total solids content
This guide describes the process of performing measurement of the rheological properties. The rheological measurements and calculations described in this guide are limited to shear strength, shear stress versus shear rate, apparent viscosity, consistency, and yield stress.
Due to the nature of some solutions, slurries, and sludges, not all of the measurements described in this standard may be applicable to all samples. For example, some sludges do not settle; therefore, settling rate measurements are not applicable for these samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide guidance for the measurement and calculation of physical and rheological properties of radioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges as well as simulants designed to model the properties of these radioactive materials.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This guide is intended for measurement of mass and volume of the solution, slurries, and sludges as well as dissolved solids content in the liquid fraction and solids content associated with the slurries and sludges. Particle size distribution is also measured.
1.2.2 This guide identifies the data required and the equations recommended for calculation of density (bulk, settled solids, supernatant, and centrifuged solids), settling rate, volume and weight percent of the centrifuged solids and settled solids, and the weight percent undissolved solids, dissolved solids, and total oxides.  
1.2.3 This guide is intended for measurement of shear strength and shear stress as a function of shear rate.
1.2.4 Rheological property measurement guidelines in this guide are limited to rotational rheometers.
1.2.5 This guide is limited to measurements of viscous and incipient flow and does not include oscillatory rheometry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2011
• ICS: 13.030.30 - Special wastes
• Technical Committee: C26 - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Drafting Committee: C26.13 - Spent Fuel and High Level Waste

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1752 − 11
Standard Guide for
Measuring Physical and Rheological Properties of
Radioactive Solutions, Slurries, and Sludges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1752; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Intent:
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide guidance for the
C1751 Guide for Sampling Radioactive Tank Waste
measurement and calculation of physical and rheological
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
propertiesofradioactivesolutions,slurries,andsludgesaswell
2.2 Other Standards:
as simulants designed to model the properties of these radio-
ISO13320-1 “Particle Size Analysis—Laser Diffraction
active materials.
Methods. Part 1: General Principles,” International Orga-
1.2 Applicability:
nization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (1999)
1.2.1 This guide is intended for measurement of mass and
volume of the solution, slurries, and sludges as well as 3. Terminology
dissolvedsolidscontentintheliquidfractionandsolidscontent
3.1 Definitions:
associated with the slurries and sludges. Particle size distribu-
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—measured shear stress divided
tion is also measured.
by the measured shear rate.
1.2.2 This guide identifies the data required and the equa-
3.1.2 density, n—intheUnitedStates,massperunitvolume.
tions recommended for calculation of density (bulk, settled
3.1.3 interstitial solution, n—in this guide, interstitial solu-
solids, supernatant, and centrifuged solids), settling rate, vol-
tionisthesolutioncontainedbetweenthesuspended,settled,or
ume and weight percent of the centrifuged solids and settled
centrifuged solid particles of a sludge sample.
solids, and the weight percent undissolved solids, dissolved
3.1.4 Newtonian fluid, n—a fluid whose apparent viscosity
solids, and total oxides.
is independent of shear rate.
1.2.3 This guide is intended for measurement of shear
3.1.5 non-Newtonian fluid, n—a fluid whose apparent vis-
strength and shear stress as a function of shear rate.
cosity varies with shear rate.
1.2.4 Rheological property measurement guidelines in this
guide are limited to rotational rheometers. 3.1.6 rheogram, n—plot of shear stress versus shear rate.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Arheogram is also called a flow curve.
1.2.5 This guide is limited to measurements of viscous and
incipient flow and does not include oscillatory rheometry.
3.1.7 shear rate, n—in laminar flow, the velocity gradient
perpendicular to the direction of shear flow in parallel adjacent
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
layers of a fluid body under shear force.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.8 shear strength, n—maximum stress measured during
standard.
incipient motion.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.9 shear stress, n—shear force per unit area.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Chemical Society, Washington, D. C. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fuel listed by the American Chemical Society see Analar Standards for Laboratory
and High Level Waste. Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U. K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. DOI: and National Formulary, U. S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
10.1520/C1752–11. MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1752 − 11
3.1.10 sludge, n—in this guide, sludge is wet solids having 3.2.11 M —mass of the centrifuged solids and their inter-
CS
little or no standing liquid (that is, mud-like). stitial liquid in g.
3.1.11 slurry, n—in this guide, a slurry is a mixture of solids 3.2.12 M —mass of the oven dried centrifuged solids in
DCS
and solution g.
3.1.12 supernatant liquid, n—a liquid phase overlying ma-
3.2.13 M —mass of the oven dried centrifuged superna-
DCL
terial deposited by settling, precipitation, or centrifugation. tant liquid in g.
3.1.13 solids settling rate, n—inthisguide,therateatwhich
3.2.14 M —mass of the fired solids (1000°C) in the
FSC
solids in a homogenized sample settle as defined by the change crucible in g.
in the settled solids height as a function of time.
3.2.15 M —mass of the oven dried solids (105°C) in the
OSC
3.1.14 volume percent (vol%) settled solids, n—in this crucible in g.
guide, the percentage of the volume of the slurry sample that
3.2.16 M —mass of the decanted supernatant liquid after
S
the settled solids with its interstitial liquid occupy after settling
centrifugation in g.
for a specified time under one gravity.
3.2.17 M —mass of the supernatant liquid after gravity
SL
3.1.15 volume percent (vol%) centrifuged solids, n—in this
settling in g.
guide, the volume of the solids layer with its interstitial liquid
3.2.18 M —mass of the settled solids and interstitial liquid
SS
that separates from the bulk slurry after centrifugation at a
after gravity settling in g.
specified time and centrifugal force divided by the total sample
3.2.19 M —mass of a subsample of the decanted centri-
volume on a percentage basis.
VL
fuged supernatant liquid in g.
3.1.16 weight percent (wt%) total oxides, n—percentage of
3.2.20 M —mass of the wet sample in the crucible in g.
the mass of the bulk sample that remains after converting all
WCS
non-volatile elements to oxides at 1000°C.
3.2.21 n—power law exponent (unitless).
3.1.17 weight percent (wt%) centrifuged solids, n—in this
3.2.22 N—rotationalrateoftheshearvaneinrevolutionsper
guide,themassofthesolidslayerwithitsinterstitialliquidthat
min.
separatesfromthebulkslurryaftercentrifugationataspecified
3.2.23 P —percent mass of centrifuged solids with the
MCS
time and centrifugal force divided by the total bulk slurry
associated interstitial liquid in the slurry.
sample mass on a percentage basis.
3.2.24 P —percent mass of oven dried solids in the
MDS
3.1.18 weight percent (wt%) dissolved solids, n—mass of
crucible.
dissolved species in the supernatant liquid divided by the total
3.2.25 P —percent mass of oxides in the slurry.
mass of the supernatant liquid on a percentage basis. MOX
3.2.26 P —percent mass of settled solids with its associ-
MSS
3.1.19 weight percent (wt%) dried solids, n—percentage of
ated interstitial liquid.
the mass of the sample that remains after removing volatiles
including free water by drying at 105 6 5°C to a stable mass. 3.2.27 P —percent mass of total solids.
MTS
3.1.19.1 Discussion—Wt% total dried solids and wt% cen-
3.2.28 P —percent mass of undissolved solids in the
MUS
trifuged dried solids are the wt% dried solids in the bulk
slurry.
sample and centrifuged solids, respectively.
3.2.29 P —percent mass of oven dried solids in the
ODS
3.1.20 weight percent (wt%) undissolved solids,
centrifuged solids including interstitial liquid.
n—calculated value reflecting the percent mass of solids
3.2.30 P —percent volume of centrifuged solids with its
VCS
remaining if all the supernatant liquid and interstitial solution
associated interstitial liquid in the slurry.
were removed from the bulk slurry.
3.2.31 P —percent volume of settled solids with its asso-
VSS
3.1.21 yield stress, n—minimum stress required to initiate
ciated interstitial liquid in the slurry.
fluid movement as determined by a flow curve using a
3.2.32 r —correlation coefficient (unitless).
rheological model.
3.2.33 R —radius of the inner cylinder of the viscometer
3.2 Nomenclature: 1
concentric cylinder geometry in cm.
3.2.1 b—Hershel-Bulkley power law exponent (unitless).
3.2.34 R —radius of the outer cylinder of the viscometer
3.2.2 B—steady-statetorqueinashearstrengthtestinN·cm. 2
concentric cylinder geometry in cm.
3.2.3 D—diameter of the shear vane in cm.
3.2.35 R —Reynolds number (unitless).
e
3.2.4 D —diameter of the shear strength sample cup in cm.
T
3.2.36 R—maximumtorqueinashearstrengthtestinN·cm.
t
3.2.5 H—height of the shear vane in cm.
3.2.37 V —total volume of bulk sample after centrifugation
b
B
3.2.6 k—Hershel-Bulkley consistency coefficient in Pa·s .
in mL.
n
3.2.7 m—power law consistency coefficient in Pa·s .
3.2.38 V —volume centrifuged solids and the associated
CS
3.2.8 M —totalmassofbulkslurryaftercentrifugationing.
B
interstitial liquid in mL.
3.2.9 M —mass of the centrifuge cone in g.
CC
3.2.39 V —volume of decanted supernatant liquid after
S
3.2.10 M —mass of the crucible in g. centrifugation in mL.
CR
C1752 − 11
3.2.40 V —total volume of bulk sample after gravity set- viscosity, and yield stress of the material by measuring the
SB
tling in mL. shear stress of a sample as the shear rate on the sample is
systematically varied.
3.2.41 V —volume of supernatant liquid after gravity set-
SL
tling in mL.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.42 V —volume of settled solids with its associated
SS
5.1 Measurements performed in this guide are limited to
interstitial liquid after gravity settling in mL.
radioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges as well as simulants
3.2.43 Z —height of the sample above the top of the designedtomodelthepropertiesoftheseradioactivematerials.
immersed shear vane in cm.
5.2 Data obtained from the measurement and calculation of
3.2.44 Z —depth of the sample below the immersed shear physical and rheological properties of radioactive solutions,
vane in cm.
slurries, and sludges are essential in developing appropriate
simulants for design and testing of retrieval, transport, mixing,
3.2.45 ρ —bulk density of slurry in g/mL.
B
and storage systems for treatment of radioactive materials.
3.2.46 ρ —density of centrifuged solids in g/mL.
CS
Thesedataalsoprovideinputparametersformodelingtheflow
3.2.47 ρ —density of supernatant liquid in g/mL.
S behavior, processing, transport, safety, and storage of these
radioactive materials.
3.2.48 ρ —density of settled solids in g/mL.
SS
5.3 Consistency in the handling of samples, measurement
3.2.49 τ—shear stress in Pa.
methods,andcalculationsisessentialinobtainingreproducible
3.2.50 τ —shear strength in Pa.
o
results of rheological and physical property measurements.
B
3.2.51 τ —Bingham yield stress in Pa.
o
5.4 This guide will be used to measure or calculate the
H
3.2.52 τ —Herschel-Bulkley yield stress in Pa.
o
physical properties listed below.
3.2.53 η—Newtonian viscosity in Pa·s. 5.4.1 Bulk slurry density
5.4.2 Settled solids density
3.2.54 η —plastic viscosity in Pa·s.
p
5.4.3 Centrifuged solids density
-1
3.2.55 γ˙—shear rate in s .
5.4.4 Supernatant density
3.2.56 µ—apparent viscosity in Pa·s.
5.4.5 Settling rate
5.4.6 Volume percent centrifuged solids
3.3 Otheruniquetermsusedthroughoutthenuclearindustry
5.4.7 Volume percent settled solids after settling
are defined in the terminology standard for the ASTM com-
5.4.8 Undissolved solids content
mittee on the nuclear fuel cycle (Terminology C859).
5.4.9 Dissolved solids content
5.4.10 Weight percent centrifuged solids
4. Summary of Guide
5.4.11 Weight percent total oxides
4.1 Guidance for the measurement and calculation of physi-
5.4.12 Solids content of the centrifuged solids
cal and rheological properties of radioactive solutions, slurries,
5.4.13 Total solids content
and sludges is provided. Methods are applicable to remote
5.5 Thisguidedescribestheprocessofperformingmeasure-
handling and measurement of samples with significant radia-
ment of the rheological properties. The rheological measure-
tion doses.
ments and calculations described in this guide are limited to
4.2 Physical properties including bulk density, settled solids
shear strength, shear stress versus shear rate, apparent
density, centrifuged solids density, supernatant density, settling
viscosity, consistency, and yield stress.
rate, and volume and weight percent centrifuged and settled
5.6 Due to the nature of some solutions, slurries, and
solids are determined by measuring the solids with their
sludges, not all of the measurements described in this standard
interstitialliquidandsupernatantliquidmassesandvolumesas
may be applicable to all samples. For example, some sludges
a function of time during settling and centrifugation of slurry
do not settle; therefore, settling rate measurements are not
and sludge samples.
applicable for these samples.
4.3 Dissolved and undissolved solids content of solutions,
6. Reagents and Materials
slurries, and sludges as well as the solids separated by settling
orcentrifugation,orboth,arecalculatedbymeasuringthemass
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
of the sample prior to and after drying the sample. Oxide
used in all measurements. Unless otherwise indicated, it is
content is determined by measuring the mass of the sample
intended that all reagents conform to the specifications of the
after heating the sample in air at high enough temperatures to
Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical
oxidize the solids in the sample.
Society where such specifications are available. Other grades
4.3.1 Automated moisture analyzers may be used to mea-
may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is
sure solids content after the automated method has been of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening
verified to provide comparable results for similar samples to
the accuracy of the determination.
the oven drying method described in this standard.
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, reference
4.4 The flow behavior of solutions, slurries, and sludges is to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
characterized by determining the shear strength, apparent by Type II of Specification D1193 or purer.
C1752 − 11
6.3 Viscosity standards certified to a national standards Any comparable method to mob
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