ASTM C1285-02(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining Chemical Durability of Nuclear, Hazardous, and Mixed Waste Glasses and Multiphase Glass Ceramics: The Product Consistency Test (PCT)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Chemical Durability of Nuclear, Hazardous, and Mixed Waste Glasses and Multiphase Glass Ceramics: The Product Consistency Test (PCT)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods provide data useful for evaluating the chemical durability (see 3.1.4) of glass waste forms as measured by elemental release. Accordingly, it may be applicable throughout manufacturing, research, and development.
Test Method A can specifically be used to obtain data to evaluate whether the chemical durability of glass waste forms have been consistently controlled during production (see Table 1).
Test Method B can specifically be used to measure the chemical durability of glass waste forms under various leaching conditions, for example, varying test durations, test temperatures, ratio of sample-surface area (S) to leachant volume (V) (see Appendix X1), and leachant types (see Table 1). Data from this test may form part of the larger body of data that are necessary in the logical approach to long-term prediction of waste form behavior (see Practice C 1174).
SCOPE
1.1 These product consistency test methods A and B evaluate the chemical durability of homogeneous glasses, phase separated glasses, devitrified glasses, glass ceramics, and/or multiphase glass ceramic waste forms hereafter collectively referred to as “glass waste forms” by measuring the concentrations of the chemical species released to a test solution.
1.1.1 Test Method A is a seven-day chemical durability test performed at 90 ± 2°C in a leachant of ASTM-Type I water. The test method is static and conducted in stainless steel vessels. Test Method A can specifically be used to evaluate whether the chemical durability and elemental release characteristics of nuclear, hazardous, and mixed glass waste forms have been consistently controlled during production. This test method is applicable to radioactive and simulated glass waste forms as defined above.
1.1.2 Test Method B is a durability test that allows testing at various test durations, test temperatures, mesh size, mass of sample, leachant volume, and leachant compositions. This test method is static and can be conducted in stainless steel or PFA TFE-fluorocarbon vessels, or both. Test Method B can specifically be used to evaluate the relative chemical durability characteristics of homogeneous glasses, phase separated glasses, devitrified glasses, glass ceramics, and/or multiphase glass ceramic waste forms. This test method is applicable to radioactive (nuclear) and mixed, hazardous, and simulated waste forms as defined above. Test Method B cannot be used as a consistency test for production of high level radioactive glass waste forms.
1.2 These test methods must be performed in accordance with all quality assurance requirements for acceptance of the data.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1285 − 02(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Chemical Durability of Nuclear, Hazardous, and
Mixed Waste Glasses and Multiphase Glass Ceramics: The
Product Consistency Test (PCT)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1285; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 These product consistency test methodsAand B evalu-
standard.
ate the chemical durability of homogeneous glasses, phase
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
separated glasses, devitrified glasses, glass ceramics, and/or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
multiphase glass ceramic waste forms hereafter collectively
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
referred to as “glass waste forms” by measuring the concen-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
trations of the chemical species released to a test solution.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1.1 Test MethodAis a seven-day chemical durability test
performed at 90 6 2°C in a leachant of ASTM-Type I water.
2. Referenced Documents
The test method is static and conducted in stainless steel
2.1 ASTM Standards:
vessels. Test Method A can specifically be used to evaluate
C92Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content of
whether the chemical durability and elemental release charac-
Refractory Materials
teristics of nuclear, hazardous, and mixed glass waste forms
C162Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
have been consistently controlled during production. This test
C169Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime
method is applicable to radioactive and simulated glass waste
and Borosilicate Glass
forms as defined above.
C225Test Methods for Resistance of Glass Containers to
1.1.2 TestMethodBisadurabilitytestthatallowstestingat
Chemical Attack
various test durations, test temperatures, mesh size, mass of
C371Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Non-
sample, leachant volume, and leachant compositions. This test
plastic Ceramic Powders
method is static and can be conducted in stainless steel or PFA C429Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for
TFE-fluorocarbon vessels, or both. Test Method B can specifi- Glass Manufacture
C693Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy
cally be used to evaluate the relative chemical durability
C1109Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from
characteristics of homogeneous glasses, phase separated
Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled
glasses, devitrified glasses, glass ceramics, and/or multiphase
Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
glass ceramic waste forms. This test method is applicable to
C1174PracticeforPredictionoftheLong-TermBehaviorof
radioactive (nuclear) and mixed, hazardous, and simulated
Materials, Including Waste Forms, Used in Engineered
waste forms as defined above. Test Method B cannot be used
Barrier Systems (EBS) for Geological Disposal of High-
as a consistency test for production of high level radioactive
Level Radioactive Waste
glass waste forms.
C1463Practices for Dissolving Glass Containing Radioac-
1.2 These test methods must be performed in accordance
tive and Mixed Waste for Chemical and Radiochemical
with all quality assurance requirements for acceptance of the
Analysis
data.
C1125Test Method for Penetration Index of Asbestos
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on
Spent Fuel and High Level Waste. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C1285–02. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1285-02R08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1285 − 02 (2008)
D1293Test Methods for pH of Water 3.1.14 mixed waste—waste containing both radioactive and
D4327Test Method forAnions in Water by Suppressed Ion hazardous components regulated by the Atomic Energy Act
Chromatography (AEA) (1) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
E7Terminology Relating to Metallography (RCRA), (2) respectively; the term “radioactive component”
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in refers only to the actual radionuclides dispersed or suspended
ASTM Test Methods in the waste substance (3).
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3.1.15 mixed waste glass—a glass comprised of glass form-
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
ing additives and both hazardous and radioactive constituents.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3.1.16 multiphase glass ceramic waste form—a ceramic
E1402Guide for Sampling Design
consisting of more than one phase, one of which must be a
3. Terminology glass.
3.1.17 nuclear waste glass—a glass comprised of glass
3.1 Definitions:
forming additives and radioactive waste.
3.1.1 anneal—to prevent or remove materials processing
stressesinglassbycontrolledcoolingfromasuitabletempera-
3.1.18 open system tests—a system that permits the trans-
ture (modified from Terminology C162).
portofmatterintooroutofthesystem,forexample,O orCO
2 2
diffusion, or both, into or out of the system.
3.1.2 annealing—a controlled cooling process for glass
designed to reduce thermal residual stress to an acceptable
3.1.19 phase separated glass—a glass containing more than
level, and, in some cases, modify structure (modified from
one amorphous phase.
Terminology C162).
3.1.20 radioactive—of or exhibiting radioactivity (Ameri-
3.1.3 ASTM Type I water—purified water with a maximum
canHeritageDictionary,1973);amaterialgivingorcapableof
total matter content including soluble silica of 0.1 g/m,a
giving off radiant energy in the form of particles or rays, as
maximum electrical conductivity of 0.056 µmho/cm at 25°C, a
alpha, beta, and gamma rays, by the disintegration of atomic
minimum electrical resistivity of 18 MΩ·cm at 25°C (see
nuclei; said of certain elements, such as radium, thorium, and
Specification D1193 and Terminology D1129).
uranium,andtheirproducts(Webster’sNewTwentiethCentury
Dictionary, 1973).
3.1.4 chemical durability— in these test methods, the resis-
tance of a glass waste form to the release of its constituents to
3.1.21 radioactivity—spontaneous nuclear disintegration
an aqueous solution under the specific conditions of this test.
with emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiation, or
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The response of a glass under other
both (consult Terminology D1129).
conditions is outside the scope of these test methods.
3.1.22 sample blank—a test in a cleaned test vessel that has
3.1.5 closed system tests—asystemthatprecludesthetrans-
been filled with the same amount of leachant as the tests with
port of matter either into or out of the system.
the waste form samples but containing no waste form sample
that is conducted under the same conditions as tests with the
3.1.6 consistently controlled—to verify with a high degree
waste form.
of accuracy, as an experiment, by comparison with a standard
or a target, or by other experiments. (Webster’s New Twentieth
3.1.23 sensitization—in austenitic steels such as Types 304
Century Dictionary, 1973)
and 316, the precipitation of chromium carbide at the grain
boundaries in a temperature range of 400–900°C (modified
3.1.7 devitrified glass—a homogeneous or phase (or both)
from Terminology E7).
separated glass that has partially crystallized during cooling or
3.1.23.1 Discussion—This constitutes the greatest single
due to thermal heat treatment, or both.
threat to their corrosion resistance (4).
3.1.8 glass—an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled
3.1.24 set of samples—samples tested simultaneously in the
to a rigid condition without crystallizing (see Terminology
same oven.
C162); a noncrystalline solid or an amorphous solid.
3.1.25 simulated waste glass—a glass comprised of glass
3.1.9 glass ceramic—solid material, partly crystalline and
forming additives with simulants of, or actual chemical
partly glassy (see Terminology C162).
species, or both, in radioactive wastes or in mixed nuclear
3.1.10 hazardous waste glass—a glass comprised of glass
wastes, or both.
forming additives and hazardous waste.
3.1.26 standard—to have the quality of a model, gage,
3.1.11 homogeneous glass—a glass that is a single amor-
pattern,ortype.(Webster’sNewTwentiethCenturyDictionary,
phous phase; a glass that is not separated into multiple
1973)
amorphous phases.
3.1.27 standardize—to make, cause, adjust, or adapt to fit a
3.1.12 leachant—the solution that is being used, or is
standard (3); to cause to conform to a given standard, for
intended for use, in a durability test.
example, to make standard or uniform (Webster’s New Twen-
3.1.13 leachate—the solution resulting from a durability
tieth Century Dictionary, 1973).
test.
3 4
Varshneya, A. K., “Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses,” Academic Press, Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
Boston, MA (1994). these test methods.
C1285 − 02 (2008)
TABLE 1 Summary of Test Methods A and B
3.1.28 unsensitized austenitic steel—stainless steel that is
not sensitized (see sensitization). Test Method A Test Method B
Type of Radioactive Radioactive
3.1.29 verify—to determine or test the accuracy of, as by
Waste Form Mixed Mixed
comparison, investigation, or reference, for example, to con-
Simulated, Hazardous Simulated, Hazardous
duct experiments to verify a hypothesis. (The American Heri-
Usage During production for rapid Scoping tests;
tage Dictionary, 1973)
analysis and for waste Crystallization studies
compliance (6) (see Note 1);
3.1.30 vitrification—the process of fusing waste with glass
Comparative waste form
making chemicals at elevated temperatures to form a waste
evaluation
glass (see Terminology C162).
Test Vessel Unsensitized Type 304L Unsensitized Type 304L
stainless steel; vessels stainless steel or PFA
4. Summary of Test Methods
rated to> 0.5 MPa (see TFE-fluorocarbon
4.1 TestMethodAistheProductConsistencyTest(PCT-A), Section 9) vessels rated to >0.5
MPa (see Section 9)
which was developed specifically to measure the chemical
durability of radioactive glass waste forms as defined in 1.1
Test Duration 7 days ± 2% 7 days ± 2% or varying
during production (Table 1) (5). It can also be used to measure times
the chemical durability of hazardous, mixed, and various
Leachant ASTM Type I water ASTM Type I water or
simulated glass waste forms as defined in 1.1.The test method
other solutions
is easily reproducible, can be performed remotely on highly
Condition Static Static
radioactive samples and can yield results rapidly. The glass
wasteformdoesnotneedtobeannealedpriortotesting.Inthis
Minimum $1g $1g
Sample
test method the glass waste form is crushed and sieved to U.S.
Mass
Standard ASTM−100 to+200 mesh (0.149–0.074 mm), the
particles are cleaned of adhering fines, and an amount of sized
Particle Size U.S. Standard ASTM − 100 U.S. Standard
to + 200 mesh (0.149 to ASTM − 100 to + 200
and cleaned glass waste form that is greater than or equal to 1
0.074 mm) mesh (0.149 to 0.074
g is placed in aType 304Lstainless steel vessel.An amount of
mm) or other sizes
ASTM Type I water equal to 10 6 0.5 cm /g of sample mass
which are <40 mesh
(0.420 mm)
(m ) is added and the vessel is sealed. The vessel is placed
solid
inaconstanttemperaturedeviceat90 62°C.Thevesselsmust
3 3
Leachant 10±0.5cm /gram of sample 10±0.5cm /gram of
beplacedinconstanttemperaturedevicessothatthereisample
Volume mass sample mass or other
volume/sample mass
convectionaroundthesamplesandevenheatdistribution(Fig.
1). After seven days 63.4 h the vessel is removed from the
Temperature 90 ± 2°C 90 ± 2°C or other
oven and cooled to ambient temperature. The pH is measured
temperatures provided
that any observed
onanaliquotoftheleachateandthetemperatureofthealiquot
changes in reaction
at the time of the pH measurement is also recorded. The
mechanism are noted
remaining leachate is filtered and sent for analysis.
Atmosphere Air Air or CO free air
4.2 TestMethodBistheProductConsistencyTest(PCT-B),
(optional) (see Section
which was developed to measure the chemical durability of 10)
radioactive,mixed,orsimulatedglasswasteforms (5).Thetest
Type of Closed to transport Open to transport in PFA
method is easily reproducible, can be performed remotely if
System TFE-fluorocarbon;
Closed to transport in
necessary, and can yield results rapidly. The glass waste form
stainless steel
does not need to be annealed prior to testing. In this test
method the glass waste form is crushed and sieved to U.S.
StandardASTM−100 to+200 mesh (0.149–0.074 mm) or to
the size range of interest as long as the glass waste form
particles are less than U.S. Standard ASTM 40 mesh (0.420
temperature device at 90 6 2°C. Other test temperatures are
mm). The particles are cleaned of adhering fines (see Note 1),
permissible. It is desirable that inter-comparison of test re-
and an amount of sized and cleaned glass waste form greater
sponses be conducted at different temperatures to indicate
than or equal to1gis placed in either a Type 304 L stainless
whether the reaction mechanism changes over the temperature
steel vessel or a PFA TFE-fluorocarbon vessel. An amount of
range investigated. The vessels must be placed in a constant
ASTM Type I water equal to 10 6 0.5 cm /g of sample mass
temperature device so that there is ample convection around
(m ) is added and the vessel is sealed. Other ratios of
solid
the samples and even heat distribution (Fig. 1). After seven
solution volume to sample mass are allowed and other
days 6 3.4 h, or other optional test durations, the vessel is
leachants are allowed. The vessel is placed in a constant
removed from the constant temperature device and cooled to
ambient temperature. The pH is measured on an aliquot of the
If waste forms of different densities are being compared then the leachate
leachateandthetemperatureofthealiquotatthetimeofthepH
results from
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1285–97 Designation: C 1285 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Chemical Durability of Nuclear, Hazardous, and
Mixed Waste Glasses and Multiphase Glass Ceramics: The
Product Consistency Test (PCT)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1285; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These product consistency test methods A and B evaluate the chemical durability of homogeneous and glasses, phase
separated glasses, devitrified glasses, glass ceramics, and/or multiphase glass ceramic waste forms hereafter collectively referred
toas“glasswasteforms”bymeasuringtheconcentrationsofthechemicalspeciesreleasedfromacrushedglasstoatestsolution.
1.1.1 Test MethodAis a seven-day crushed glass chemical durability test performed at 90 6 2°C in a leachant ofASTM-Type
I water. The test method is static and conducted in stainless steel vessels. Test Method A can specifically be used to evaluate
whether the chemical durability and elemental release characteristics of nuclear, hazardous, and mixed glass waste glassesforms
have been consistently controlled during production. This test method is applicable to radioactive and simulated glass waste
glasses. forms as defined above.
1.1.2 Test Method B is a crushed glass durability test that allows testing of waste glasses at varyingvarious test durations, test
temperatures, mesh size, mass of glass,sample, leachant volume, and leachant types.compositions. This test method is static and
can be conducted in stainless steel or PFATFE-fluorocarbon vessels, or both. Test Method B can specifically be used to evaluate
the relative chemical durability characteristics of homogeneous or glasses, phase separated glasses, devitrified glasses, or both.
glass ceramics, and/or multiphase glass ceramic waste forms. This test method is applicable to radioactive (nuclear) and mixed,
hazardous,andsimulatedwasteglasses.formsasdefinedabove.TestMethodBcannotbeusedasaconsistencytestforproduction
of high level radioactive glass waste glass. forms.
1.2 These test methods must be performed in accordance with all quality assurance requirements for acceptance of the data.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C92 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content of Refractory Materials
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
C169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime and Borosilicate Glass
C225 Test Methods for Resistance of Glass Containers to Chemical Attack
C371 Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders
C429 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
C693 Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy
C1109Test Method Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled
Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry Spectroscopy
C1174 Practice for Prediction of the Long-Term Behavior of Materials, Including Waste Forms, Used in Engineered Barrier
Systems (EBS) for Geological Disposal of High–-Level Radioactive Waste
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C-26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Repository
Waste.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1997. Published March 1998. Originally published as C1285–94. Last previous edition C1285–94.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fuel
and High Level Waste.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C1285–02.
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
, Vol 15.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1285 – 02 (2008)
C1317Practice for Dissolution of Silicate or Acid Resistant Matrix Samples
C1342Practice for Flux Fusion Sample Dissolution 1463 Practices for Dissolving Glass Containing Radioactive and Mixed
Waste for Chemical and Radiochemical Analysis
DC1125Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water Test Method for Penetration Index of Asbestos
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Chemically Suppressed Ion Chromatography
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1402 Terminology Relating to Sampling
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 anneal—to prevent or remove materials processing stresses in glass by controlled cooling from a suitable temperature
(modified from Terminology C162).
3.1.2 annealing—a controlled cooling process for glass designed to reduce thermal residual stress to an acceptable level, and,
in some cases, modify structure (modified from Terminology C162).
3.1.3 ASTMTypeIwater—purifiedwaterwithamaximumtotalmattercontentincludingsolublesilicaof0.1g/m ,amaximum
electricalconductivityof0.056µmho/cmat25°C,aminimumelectricalresistivityof18MV·cmat25°C(seeSpecificationD1193
and Terminology D1129).
3.1.4 chemical durability— in these test methods, the resistance of a glass test specimenwaste form to the release of its
constituents to an aqueous solution under the specific conditions of this test.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The response of a glass under other conditions is outside the scope of these test methods.
3.1.5 closed system tests—a system that precludes the transport of matter either into or out of the system.
3.1.6 consistently controlled—to verify with a high degree of accuracy, as an experiment, by comparison with a standard or a
target, or by other experiments. (Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 1973)
3.1.7 devitrified glass—glass that has crystallized during cooling or due to thermal heat treatment, or both. —a homogeneous
or phase (or both) separated glass that has partially crystallized during cooling or due to thermal heat treatment, or both.
3.1.8 hazardous waste glass—a glass comprised of glass forming additives and hazardous waste.
3.1.9glass—an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing (see Terminology C162);
a noncrystalline solid or an amorphous solid.
3.1.9 glass ceramic—solid material, partly crystalline and partly glassy (see Terminology C162).
3.1.10 hazardous waste glass—a glass comprised of glass forming additives and hazardous waste.
3.1.11 homogeneous glass—a glass that is a single amorphous phase; a glass that is not separated into multiple amorphous
phases.
3.1.12 leachant—the solution that is being used, or is intended for use, in a durability test.
3.1.11
3.1.13 leachate—the solution resulting from a durability test.
3.1.12
3.1.14 mixed waste—waste containing both radioactive and hazardous components regulated by theAtomic EnergyAct (AEA)
(1) and the Resource Conservation and RecoveryAct (RCRA), (2) respectively; the term “radioactive component” refers only to
the actual radionuclides dispersed or suspended in the waste substance (3) .
3.1.13
3.1.15 mixed waste glass—a glass comprised of glass forming additives and both hazardous and radioactive constituents.
3.1.14
3.1.16 multiphase glass ceramic waste form—a ceramic consisting of more than one phase, one of which must be a glass.
3.1.17 nuclear waste glass—a glass comprised of glass forming additives and radioactive waste.
3.1.15
3.1.18 open system tests—a system that permits the transport of matter into or out of the system, for example, O or CO
2 2
diffusion, or both, into or out of the system.
3.1.16
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
Varshneya, A. K., “Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses,” Academic Press, Boston, MA (1994).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.01.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of these test methods.
C 1285 – 02 (2008)
3.1.19 phase separated glass—a glass containing more than one amorphous phase.
3.1.20 radioactive—oforexhibitingradioactivity(AmericanHeritageDictionary,1973);amaterialgivingorcapableofgiving
off radiant energy in the form of particles or rays, as alpha, beta, and gamma rays, by the disintegration of atomic nuclei; said of
certain elements, such as radium, thorium, and uranium, and their products (Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 1973
).
3.1.173.1.21 radioactivity—spontaneous nuclear disintegration with emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiation, or
both (consult Terminology D1129).
3.1.18
3.1.22 sample blank—a cleaned test vessel that has been filled with the same amount of leachant as the sample vessels but
contains no glass sample.
3.1.19—a test in a cleaned test vessel that has been filled with the same amount of leachant as the tests with the waste form
samples but containing no waste form sample that is conducted under the same conditions as tests with the waste form.
3.1.23 sensitization—in austenitic steels such as Types 304 and 316, the precipitation of chromium carbide at the grain
boundaries in a temperature range of 400–900°C (modified from Terminology E7).
3.1.19.1
3.1.23.1 Discussion—This constitutes the greatest single threat to their corrosion resistance (4).
3.1.20
3.1.24 set of samples—samples tested simultaneously in the same oven.
3.1.21
3.1.25 simulated waste glass—a glass comprised of glass forming additives with simulants of, or actual chemical species, or
both, in radioactive wastes or in mixed nuclear wastes, or both.
3.1.22
3.1.26 standard—to have the quality of a model, gage, pattern, or type. (Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 1973)
3.1.23)
3.1.27 standardize—to make, cause, adjust, or adapt to fit a standard (3); to cause to conform to a given standard, for example,
to make standard or uniform (Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 1973).
3.1.24
3.1.28 unsensitized austenitic steel—stainless steel whichthat is not sensitized (see sensitization).
3.1.25
3.1.29 verify—to determine or test the accuracy of, as by comparison, investigation, or reference, for example, to conduct
experiments to verify a hypothesis. (The American Heritage Dictionary, 1973)
3.1.26
3.1.30 vitrification—the process of fusing waste with glass making chemicals at elevated temperatures to form a waste glass
(see Terminology C162).
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Test Method A is the Product Consistency Test (PCT-A), which was developed specifically to testmeasure the chemical
durability of radioactive glass waste glassesforms as defined in 1.1 during production (Table 1) (5). It can also be used to test
measure the chemical durability of hazardous, mixed, and various simulated glass waste glasses. forms as defined in 1.1. The test
method is easily reproducible, can be performed remotely on highly radioactive samples and can yield results rapidly. The glass
waste form does not need to be annealed prior to testing. In this test method the glass waste form is crushed and sieved to U.S.
StandardASTM−100 to+200 mesh (0.149–0.074 mm), the particles are cleaned of adhering fines, and an amount of sized and
cleaned glass waste form that is greater than or equal to1gis placed in a Type 304Lstainless steel vessel.An amount ofASTM
3 5
Type I water equal to 10 cc/g6 0.5 cm /g of sample mass (m ) is added and the vessel is sealed. The vessel is placed in a
solid
constant temperature device at 90 6 2°C. The vessels must be placed in the constant temperature devices so that there is ample
convection around the samples and even heat distribution (Fig. 1).After seven days 63.4 h the vessel is removed from the oven
andcooledtoambienttemperature.ThepHismeasuredonanaliquotoftheleachateandthetemperatureofthealiquotatthetime
of the pH measurement is also recorded. The remaining leachate is filtered and sent for analysis.
4.2 Test Method B is the Product Consistency Test (PCT-B), which was developed to testmeasure the chemical durability of
radioactive, mixed, or simulated glass waste glassesforms (5). The test method is easily reproducible, can be performed remotely
if necessary, and can yield results rapidly. The glass waste form does not need to be annealed prior to testing. In this test method
the glass waste form is crushed and sieved to U.S. StandardASTM−100 to+200 mesh (0.149–0.074 mm) or to the size range
of interest as long as the glass waste form particles are less than U.S. Standard ASTM 40 mesh (0.420 mm). The particles are
cleaned of adhering fines (see Note 1), and an amount of sized and cleaned glass waste form greater than or equal to1gis placed
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Ifwasteformsofdifferentdensitiesarebeingcomparedthentheleachateresultsfromthetestmustbecomparedusingthecalculationin25.2.4whichaccountsfordensity
differences in the SA/V term in the denominator which adjusts the leachate results for sample density (see calculation in Appendix X1).
C 1285 – 02 (2008)
TABLE 1 Summary of Test Methods A and B
Test Method A Test Method B
Type of Glass Radioactive Radioactive
Mixed Mixed
Simulated, Hazardous Simulated, Hazardous
Type of Waste Radioactive Radioactive
Form Mixed Mixed
Simulated, Hazardous Simulated, Hazardous
Usage During production for rapid Scoping tests; Crystalli-
analysis and for waste zation studies (see Note
compliance (6) 1); Comparative waste
form ev
...
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