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ASTM E1311-89(2010)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems

Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method gives a measure of a thermal imaging system's effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.
MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)
Note 2—Test values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions may or may not correlate directly with service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of the angle subtended by the target.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.10 - Specialized NDT Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1311-89(2004) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Replaced By
ASTM E1311-14 - Standard Practice for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E3045-22 - Standard Practice for Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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ASTM E1311-89(2010) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging SystemsASTM E1311-89(2010) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
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ASTM E1311-89(2010) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1311 − 89 (Reapproved2010)
Standard Test Method for
Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal
Imaging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mal temperature for the background by which the target is
framed. The target, at an undisclosed orientation, is imaged
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mini-
onto the monochrome video monitor of a thermal imaging
mum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of
system whence the image may be viewed by an observer. The
a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of
temperature difference between the target and the background,
the angle subtended by the target.
initially zero, is increased incrementally until the observer, in a
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
limited duration, can just distinguish the target. This critical
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
temperature difference is the MDTD.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 1—Observers must have good eyesight and be familiar with
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
viewing thermal imagery.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 The temperature distributions of each target and its
2. Referenced Documents
background are measured remotely at the critical temperature
difference that defines the MDTD.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4.3 The background temperature and the angular subtense
for each target are specified together with the measured value
3. Terminology
of MDTD. The (fixed) field of view included by the back-
3.1 Definitions:
ground is also specified.
3.1.1 differential blackbody—an apparatus for establishing
4.4 The probability of detection is specified together with
two parallel isothermal planar zones of different temperatures,
the reported value of MDTD.
and with effective emissivities of 1.0.
3.1.2 field of view (FOV)—the shape and angular dimen-
5. Significance and Use
sions of the cone or the pyramid that define the object space
5.1 This test method gives a measure of a thermal imaging
imaged by the system; for example, rectangular, 4-deg wide by
system’s effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large
3-deg high.
background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The size of the field of view is custom-
defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.
arily expressed in units of degrees.
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability
3.1.3 See also Terminology E1316.
that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower
MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A standard circular target is used in conjunction with a NOTE 2—Test values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions
may or may not correlate directly with service performance.
differential blackbody that can establish one blackbody isother-
mal temperature for the target and another blackbody isother-
6. Apparatus
6.1 The apparatus consists of the following:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
6.1.1 Target Plates, containing single or multiple circular
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on
Specialized NDT Methods.
targets of area(s) not greater than 5 % of the combined areas of
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
target and background (that is, FOV area), and with the
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1311 - 89 (2004).
distance from the center of the target to the center of the FOV
DOI: 10.1520/E1311-89R10.
equal to one third of the height or the diameter of the FOV. See
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Fig. 1.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. NOTE 3—A target plate may be fabricated by cutting one or more
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1311 − 89 (Reapproved2010)
circular apertures in a metal plate of high thermal conductivity, such as
E1311 − 89 (2010)
7.7 Set∆T (the temperature of the target minus the nominal
temperature of the background) equal to zero.
7.8 Increase∆T in positive increments not exceeding 0.1°C
every 60 s or until the observer signals. If the identification is
incorrect, continue as before.
NOTE 5—To increase ∆T it is customary to fix the background
temperature and raise the target temperature.
7.9 If the observer correctly identifies the orientation of the
spot, record the diameter of the target, the diameter or the
height and width of the FOV, and the observation distance
normal to the target plate.
7.10 Measure the temperature distribution of the target and
the target background with an infrared spot radiometer replac-
ing the thermal imaging system. The target shall be measured
in at least three locations, uniformly spaced. The background
shall be measured at two zones: (1) adjacent to the target (that
is, zone 1); (2) beyond zone 1 (that is, zone 2). The measure-
ments in each zone shall be uniformly distributed, with the
number of zone 2 measurements equal to twice that of zone 1
(except for the special case of 7.12).
7.11 Calculate the mean temperature, T, of the target.
Calculate the weighted average, T , of the target background,
FIG. 1 Schematic Showing 1. Target Plate; 2. FOV; and 3. Target
B
in accordance with 8.3. Provisionally, ∆T=T−T is the
B
MDTD. Record ∆T and T .
B
aluminum, and coating with black paint of emissivity greater than 0.95. In
7.12 If the target size and the field of view of the spot
this case an aperture would constitute a target, and the coated metal
radiometer are comparable, make double the number of zone 2
surrounding the target and within the field of view of the thermal imaging
measureme
...

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5.1 This practice gives a measure of a thermal imaging system's effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.  
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)  
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of the angle subtended by the target.  
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4.1 The oxygen consumption principle, used for the measurements described here, is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion (1).7 Approximately 13.1 MJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a prescribed external heating source.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification contains reference tables (Tables 8 to 25) that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for Types B, C, E, J, K, N, R, S, and T thermocouples.2 These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. The tables contain all of the temperature-emf data currently available for the thermocouple types covered by this standard and may include data outside of the recommended upper temperature limit of an included thermocouple type.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
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5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1363-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermomechanical analyzers are employed in their various modes of operation (penetration, expansion, flexure, etc.) to characterize a wide range of materials. In most cases, the value to be assigned in thermomechanical measurements is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of all TMA thermal curves must be accurately calibrated either by direct reading of a temperature sensor or by adjusting the programmer temperature to match the actual temperature over the temperature range of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration of thermomechanical analyzers from −50 °C to 1500 °C. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7 and Note 12.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off