ASTM G81-97a(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: G81 − 97a (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG81;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to
E350Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,
determinetherelativegougingabrasionresistanceofmaterials.
Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and
Materialshomogeneousinstructureandpropertiesarethemost
Wrought Iron
appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and com-
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
posite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other
crushable substance.
3. Terminology
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 gouging abrasion—severe form of abrasive wear in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
which the force between an abrading body and the wearing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
surface is sufficiently large that a macroscopic gouge, groove,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety
deep scratch, or indentation can be produced in a single
Precautions.)
contact.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 The definitions of some other related terms may be
found in Terminology G40.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
A128/A128MSpecification for Steel Castings, Austenitic
3.2.1 cheek plates—wear liners that protect the sides of the
Manganese
crusher adjacent to the movable and stationary jaws.
A514/A514M Specification for High-Yield-Strength,
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for
3.2.2 movable jaw—part of the crusher that moves against
Welding
the material being crushed.
A517/A517MSpecificationforPressureVesselPlates,Alloy
3.2.3 reference plate—jawplatemadeofamaterialuniform
Steel, High-Strength, Quenched and Tempered
in microstructure and hardness and not varying significantly
E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
from one piece to another; such a plate will give highly
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
reproducible results, to which other materials to be tested may
terials
be compared.
E30TestMethodsforChemicalAnalysisofSteel,CastIron,
3 3.2.4 stationary jaw—part of the crusher that does not
Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron (Withdrawn 1995)
articulate, but is directly opposite the movable jaw and is in
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
direct crushing contact.
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
3.2.5 test plate—jaw plate made of a material for which the
gouging abrasion resistance is to be measured.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
3.2.6 toggle plate—plate that holds the bottom edge of the
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
movable jaw relative to the stationary jaw.
Wear.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as G81–97a(2007). DOI:
4. Summary of Test Method
10.1520/G0081-97AR13.
4.1 A small laboratory jaw crusher with a feed opening of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
about 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is modified to accept an
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
easily machined identical pair of reference wear plates and a
the ASTM website.
pairofsimilartestwearplates.Onetestplateandonereference
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. plate are attached to the stationary jaw frame of the crusher,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G81 − 97a (2013)
and the other test and reference plate are attached to the removed for rebuilding. The machine should have easily
movable jaw frame, such that a reference plate and a test plate replaceable wear liners for the toggle plate holders.
oppose one another. The minimum jaw opening is set at
6.3 Amotor of higher power than a standard crusher motor
3.2mm (0.125 in.), and a 225-kg (500-lb) load of prescreened
may be necessary, since the flat wear plate design takes more
material of suitable hardness is run through the crusher. The
powertocrushtherock.A5.2-kW(7-hp)motorhasbeenfound
minimum opening is then reset to 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) and
to be satisfactory for this test method.
another 225 kg (500 lb) of rock is crushed. This is repeated
6.4 Important Tolerances:
until a minimum of 900 kg (2000 lb) of rock is crushed. The
6.4.1 Toggle Plate Length, +0 to −1.5 mm (+0 to −0.062
precleaned and weighed test plates are then recleaned and
in.).
weighed,andthemassloss(ingrams)isrecorded.Thevolume
6.4.2 Wear Liners in Toggle Plate Holders,+0to−0.75mm
loss may be calculated from the mass loss and the known
(+0 to −0.031 in.).
densities of the test materials, or it may be measured for
6.4.3 Side to Side Movement of Movable Frame, 60.75mm
nonmonolithicmaterials.Awearratioisdevelopedbydividing
(60.031 in.).
the volume loss of the test plate by the volume loss of the
6.4.4 Wear Groove in Cheek Plates, no deeper than 6 mm
reference plate. This is done separately for the stationary and
(0.250 in.).
the movable plates. The two wear ratios are then averaged for
6.4.5 Shaft Movement Relative to Crusher Frame, less than
a final test wear ratio. The smaller the decimal figure for the
0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
wear ratio the better the wear resistance of the test plate
6.4.6 Movable Jaw Frame Movement Relative to Shaft, less
compared to the reference plate. When highly wear resistant
than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
testandreferenceplatesareusedthetotalamountofrockmust
6.4.7 Difference in Toe-to-Toe Spacing, no more than 0.25
be increased to 1800 kg (4000 lb) or more.
mm (0.010 in.) across the width of the crusher exit.
5. Significance and Use
6.5 A frame should be made to support the crusher. The
framework must include a hopper above the crusher that will
5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for
holdaminimumof225kg(500lb)ofrockatonetime.Below
laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5) and a limited amount
the hopper a lever-actuated control gate and a chute should be
of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the
attachedtodelivertherockintothecrusheropening.Belowthe
crusherdescribedinSection6,thistestmethodranksmaterials
crusheraremovableboxmaybeinstalledthatwillhold225kg
and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of
(500 lb) minimum of crushed rock.This box should have a lid
abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing
with an opening just below the crusher exit.
equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications.
This test method is considered useful for research and devel-
6.6 An evacuation blower should be installed on the frame
opmentpurposes,butnottospecifyuniversalwearratios,since
to pull dust out of the crushing area and the receiving box and
thewearrankingandseverityofwearmaychangedramatically
move it to an acceptable collection or dump area.Aprotective
with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, magnetic grate should be installed at the top of the hopper to
angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
collect any tramp iron or steel in the rock.
6.7 One or more dump boxes are recommended that will
6. Apparatus
hold225kg(500lb)ofrock.Thisisforweighingtherockand
6.1 Ajaw crusher with an approximate feed opening of 100
transporting it to the hopper above the crusher.
by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is used. This should have a single
6.8 A method of weighing 225 kg (500 lb) of rock and the
movable jaw and be of very rugged construction (see Fig. 1).
container should be available.
6.2 The jaw crusher should be capable of accepting two
6.9 Abalance of sufficient capacity to weigh the test plates
identical wear plates on the stationary jaw frame and two wear
is necessary. The sensitivity should be at least 60.1 g.
plates of the same design on the movable jaw frame. Plate
locatingdevicesshouldbeattachedtoholdtheplatestightlyin
7. Materials
position. The plate-bottom locating device shall ensure repro-
7.1 Reference Plates:
ducible positioning of the bottom of each test plate for each
7.1.1 Reference plates can be made of any readily available
test. The crusher shaft bearings should be roller or needle
material that gives wear behavior consistent with Section 9.
bearings to hold consistent tolerances. Spacers may be affixed
7.1.2 The most common reference wear plate materials are
totheshafttopreventthemovableheadfromchangingthegap
Specification A514/A514M, Grade B steel plate, or Specifica-
on the sides of the jaws. The toggle plate should be easily
tion A517/A517M, Grade B plate, quenched and tempered. It
is suggested that an effort be made to select a plate as close as
4 possible (68 HB maximum) to 269 HB hardness (see Test
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
Methods E10 or E18 and Hardness Conversion Tables E140).
this standard.
A Massco laboratory jaw crusher from Mine and Smelter, P.O. Box 16067,
Alarge plate should be purchased and cut into pieces suitable
Denver, CO 80216 has been successfully modified for this test. If you are aware of
to machine into individual plates. The direction of rolling
alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
should be in the direction of rock flow through the crusher.
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. Each new batch should be compared with the previous batch.
G81 − 97a (2013)
FIG. 1 Typical Jaw Crusher Construction and Layout of the Test Plates
NOTE 1—The exact hardness of the reference wear plate material is not
7.2.2 However, the rock composition and hardness are not
critical, but most published data are based upon experiments utilizing
criticaltothetest.Forexample,taconitehasbeenused,leading
reference wear plates quite close to 269 HB.
to a large increase in plate wear rate compared to the morainal
7.1.3 Cast manganese steel reference plates can also be
rock, but with no more than an 8% variation in the wear ratio
used. Specification A128/A128M, GradeAis a consistent cast
measured on the samples tested.
productandworkswellasareferencematerialfortestingmore
wearresistantmaterials.Theplatesshouldbecastoversizeand
8. Precautions
then heat treated.Anarrow carbon range of 1.15% 6 0.02%
8.1 Safety Precautions:
is recommended, rather than a specific hardness (see Test
8.1.1 All belts and flywheels should have metal guards to
Methods E30 and E350).
meet OSHA standards.
7.1.4 Any material can be used as a reference material if it
8.1.2 A safe means of manual operation of the machine
provides results consistent with Section 9, and if later batches
should be provided.
also reproduce original values. Any secondary reference ma-
8.1.3 Theon/offswitchshouldhaveakey-operatedlockout.
terial can be referenced or calibrated by running it against the
8.1.4 The fill chute should fit well enough so that all rock is
primaryreferencematerialtofindbywhatpercentagethewear
directed to the crushing chamber.
differs from the primary reference material.
8.1.5 Aproperladdershouldbefixedtothestructuresothat
7.2 Rock:
theoperatorcanclimbuptopicktrampironfromthemagnetic
7.2.1 The rock to be crushed should be a hard, tough,
grate in the hopper and to perform various inspections.
precrushed material sized to be between 25 mm (1 in.) and 50
8.2 Technical Precautions:
mm (2 in.). A hard morainal rock with the following compo-
sition is given as an example (proportions are not critical): 8.2.1 The wear test plates must be identified as to test
18% quartz and quartzite, 28% basalt, 20% granite and location, and this identification must be retained through final
gneiss, and 34% limestone and shale. weighing.
G81 − 97a (2013)
FIG. 2 Example Test Plate Dimensions for Modified Mine and Smelter 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) Jaw Crusher
8.2.2 Close tolerances, as noted in Fig. 2, must be kept, 8.2.10 For morainal gravel, the test rock can be slightly
especially on the toe end of the test plates. This must be damp but not dripping wet at time of testing. Holding inside a
controlled carefully to achieve a consistent opening and, building for 86.4 ks (24 h) prior to test should be adequate if
therefore, a consistent rock flow across the test specimen. thewaterisallowedtodrainawayfromtherock.Formaterials
8.2.3 All decarburized metal should be machined from the other than morainal gravel, the effects of moisture have not
test surface and edges prior to testing (see Fig. 2). been studied.
8.2.4 Any heat-affected zone from torch cutting should be
8.2.11 Observe the crushed rock size when the testing
removed from the test plates.
facility is first put into operation. If the final crushed rock size
8.2.5 Samplesfortestingshouldbeselectedfromauniform
gets noticeably larger as machine use continues, then the
material lot using accepted statistical practice.
machine tolerances and calibration should be checked.
8.2.6 If heat treatment is required, the test specimen blank
should be heat treated prior to machining to size. The heat
9. Calibration and Standardization
treatmentmustbeidenticalforbothtestplatesthatconstitutea
9.1 Calibration:
single test.
9.1.1 The test is calibrated by running three full tests using
8.2.7 The test specimen should be finished to final size by
new plates for each test. All plates are of the same reference
grinding. Steps should be taken to ensure that no significant
plate material.
heating of the test specimen occurs, either from the grinding
9.1.2 The wear ratio (defined in 3.1) for the last two tests
operation or during the test, that may cause a change in
hardnessorstructure.Itisrecommendedthataminimumof2.5 shall not exceed 1.000 6 0.030.
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