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ASTM G81-97a(2013)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test

Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Nov-2013
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.30 - Abrasive Wear
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G81-97a(2007) - Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
Effective Date
15-Nov-2013
Replaced By
ASTM G81-97a(2018) - Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
Effective Date
01-Dec-2018

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ASTM G81-97a(2013) - Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G81 − 97a (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
1
Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG81;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to
E350Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,
determinetherelativegougingabrasionresistanceofmaterials.
Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and
Materialshomogeneousinstructureandpropertiesarethemost
Wrought Iron
appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and com-
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
posite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other
crushable substance.
3. Terminology
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 gouging abrasion—severe form of abrasive wear in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
which the force between an abrading body and the wearing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
surface is sufficiently large that a macroscopic gouge, groove,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety
deep scratch, or indentation can be produced in a single
Precautions.)
contact.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 The definitions of some other related terms may be
2
found in Terminology G40.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
A128/A128MSpecification for Steel Castings, Austenitic
3.2.1 cheek plates—wear liners that protect the sides of the
Manganese
crusher adjacent to the movable and stationary jaws.
A514/A514M Specification for High-Yield-Strength,
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for
3.2.2 movable jaw—part of the crusher that moves against
Welding
the material being crushed.
A517/A517MSpecificationforPressureVesselPlates,Alloy
3.2.3 reference plate—jawplatemadeofamaterialuniform
Steel, High-Strength, Quenched and Tempered
in microstructure and hardness and not varying significantly
E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
from one piece to another; such a plate will give highly
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
reproducible results, to which other materials to be tested may
terials
be compared.
E30TestMethodsforChemicalAnalysisofSteel,CastIron,
3 3.2.4 stationary jaw—part of the crusher that does not
Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron (Withdrawn 1995)
articulate, but is directly opposite the movable jaw and is in
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
direct crushing contact.
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
3.2.5 test plate—jaw plate made of a material for which the
gouging abrasion resistance is to be measured.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
3.2.6 toggle plate—plate that holds the bottom edge of the
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
movable jaw relative to the stationary jaw.
Wear.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as G81–97a(2007). DOI:
4. Summary of Test Method
10.1520/G0081-97AR13.
2
4.1 A small laboratory jaw crusher with a feed opening of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
about 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is modified to accept an
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
easily machined identical pair of reference wear plates and a
the ASTM website.
3
pairofsimilartestwearplates.Onetestplateandonereference
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. plate are attached to the stationary jaw frame of the crusher,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G81 − 97a (2013)
and the other test and reference plate are attached to the removed for rebuilding. The machine should have easily
movable jaw frame, such that a reference plate and a test plate replaceable wear liners for the toggle plate holders.
oppose one another. The minimum
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)  
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Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients

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5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in conducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard reporting format for friction data is encouraged.  
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.  
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data. The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format that will enable computer databases to be readily established. These databases can be searched for material couples and tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient information on test conditions will be available to determine applicability of the friction data to the engineer's specific needs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selection of a method for measuring the frictional properties of materials. Requirements for minimum data and a format for presenting these data are suggested. The use of the suggested reporting form will increase the long-term usefulness of the test results within a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange of test results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of a uniform reporting format will provide the basis for the preparation of handbooks and computerized databases.  
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ASTM G194-08(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Characteristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane

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5.1 Rolling friction like sliding friction depends upon many factors. It is a system effect that involves the nature of the rolling surface and the counterface. The sliding friction force (F) is usually considered to be the sum of forces arising from deformations of surface features (Fs), from attractive forces (atomic, molecular, etc.) at contact points (Fa) and force from interaction of films and particulates on the rubbing surfaces (Ff):
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5.2 There are countless applications where it is important to quantify the rolling characteristics of a particular spherical shape on a particular surface. The interlaboratory tests conducted for this test method were performed on hardened steel balls like those used in ball bearings. This test method could be used to assess the effect of different counterface surfaces on the rolling characteristics of balls for ball bearings. Conversely, it could be used as a quality control test on balls. Surface imperfections/defects/films, etc. on the balls can affect how they roll: the distance traveled on a common counterface.  
5.3 Industrial applications of this test method can include assessing conveying surfaces for spherical or nearly special parts: check valve balls, cabinet knobs, Christmas ornaments, toilet floats, etc. Many medical devices use special shapes where rolling characteristics are a consideration. Similarly, many pharmaceutical products (pills) are spherical or nearly spherical in shape, and this test method can be used to assess rolling characteristics for conveying or other reasons such ...
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1.1.1 Steel balls on a surface plate were used in interlaboratory tests (see Appendix X1). Golf balls on a green, soccer and lacrosse balls on playing surfaces, bowling balls on an a lane, basketballs on hardwood, and marbles on composite surface were tested in the development of this test method, but the test applies to any sphere rolling on any flat horizontal surface.  
1.1.2 The rolling friction of spheres on horizontal surfaces is affected by the spherical shape’s stiffness, radius of curvature, surface texture, films on the surface, the nature of the counterface surface; there are many factors to consider. This test method takes all of these factors into consideration. The spherical shape of interest is rolled on the surface of interest using a standard ramp to initiate rolling and standard techniques to measure and treat the rolled distance after leaving the ramp.  
1.1.3 This test method produces a rolling resistance number on a specific spherical shape on a specific surface. It is intended for comparing similar tribosystems. For example, the rolling resistances of marbles on a particular surface are not to be compared with the rolling resistance of soccer balls on grass, because their masses and diameters are very different as are the counterface surfaces on which they roll.  
1.1.4 Different launch ramps are appropriate for different types of spherical shapes. If a sphere of interest cannot be accommodated with using one of the launch ramps discussed in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, a different launch ramp can be developed and added with future revisions to this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measu...

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ASTM
ASTM G171-03(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made.  
5.3 The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating.  
5.4 This...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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