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ASTM D7291/D7291M-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material

Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce through-thickness failure data for structural design and analysis, quality assurance, and research and development. Factors that influence the through-thickness tensile strength, and should therefore be reported, include the following: material and fabric reinforcement, methods of material and fabric preparation, methods of processing and specimen fabrication, specimen stacking sequence, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume reinforcement content.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the through-thickness “flatwise” tension strength and elastic modulus of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials. A tensile force is applied normal to the plane of the composite laminate using adhesively bonded thick metal end-tabs. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous fiber (tape or 2-dimensional fabric, or both) reinforced composites.  
1.2 The through-thickness strength results using this test method will in general not be comparable to Test Method D6415 since this method subjects a relatively large volume of material to an almost uniform stress field while Test Method D6415 subjects a small volume of material to a non-uniform stress field.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2015
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.06 - Interlaminar Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7291/D7291M-15 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialASTM D7291/D7291M-15 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material
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REDLINE ASTM D7291/D7291M-15 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialREDLINE ASTM D7291/D7291M-15 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7291/D7291M − 15
Standard Test Method for
Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic
Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7291/D7291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
1.1 Thistestmethoddeterminesthethrough-thickness“flat-
D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
wise” tension strength and elastic modulus of fiber reinforced
Materials
polymer matrix composite materials.Atensile force is applied
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
normaltotheplaneofthecompositelaminateusingadhesively
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
bondedthickmetalend-tabs.Thecompositematerialformsare
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous fiber (tape or
Composite Materials
2-dimensional fabric, or both) reinforced composites.
D5687/D5687MGuide for Preparation of Flat Composite
1.2 The through-thickness strength results using this test
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
method will in general not be comparable to Test Method
tion
D6415 since this method subjects a relatively large volume of
D6415 Test Method for Measuring the Curved Beam
material to an almost uniform stress field while Test Method
Strength of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Compos-
D6415 subjects a small volume of material to a non-uniform
ite
stress field.
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system Lot or Process
must be used independently of the other. Combining values E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard. E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E1012Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
Force Application
2. Referenced Documents
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases(With-
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
3
drawn 2015)
E1434Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
ReinforcedCompositeMaterialsinDatabases(Withdrawn
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
3
2015)
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.06 on
Interlaminar Properties. E1471Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7291/D7291M-07. 3
(Withdrawn 2015)
DOI: 10.1520/D7291_D7291M-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7291/D7291M − 15
3. Terminology 3.3.9 x¯—sample mean (average).
3.3.10 ε—indicated through-thickness tensile strain from
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
strain transducer.
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
D883definestermsrelatingtoplastics.TerminologyE6defines
3.3.11 σ—through-thickness tensile stress.
terms relating to mechanica
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7291/D7291M − 07 D7291/D7291M − 15
Standard Test Method for
Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic
Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7291/D7291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the through-thickness “flatwise” tension strength and elastic modulus of fiber reinforced
polymer matrix composite materials. A tensile force is applied normal to the plane of the composite laminate using adhesively
bonded thick metal end-tabs. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous fiber (tape or
2-dimensional fabric, or both) reinforced composites.
1.2 The through-thickness strength results using this test method will in general not be comparable to Test Method D6415 since
this method subjects a relatively large volume of material to an almost uniform stress field while Test Method D6415 subjects a
small volume of material to a non-uniform stress field.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
D6415 Test Method for Measuring the Curved Beam Strength of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.06 on Interlaminar
Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2007Oct. 1, 2015. Published May 2007November 2015. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as
D7291/D7291M-07. DOI: 10.1520/D7291_D7291M-07.10.1520/D7291_D7291M-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7291/D7291M − 15
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
Application
3
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn 2015)
3
E1434 Guide for Recording M
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the fastener pull-through resistance of multidirectional polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus fibers. Fastener pull-through resistance is characterized by the force-versus-displacement response exhibited when a mechanical fastener is pulled through a composite plate, with the force applied perpendicular to the plane of the plate. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses is defined in 8.2.  
1.2 Two test procedures and configurations are provided. The first, Procedure A, is suitable for screening and fastener development purposes. The second, Procedure B, is configuration-dependent and is suitable for establishing design values. Both procedures can be used to perform comparative evaluations of candidate fasteners/fastener system designs.  
1.3 The specimens described herein may not be representative of actual joints which may contain one or more free edges adjacent to the fastener, or may contain multiple fasteners that can change the actual boundary conditions.  
1.4 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of CMH-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a fastener pull-through test method.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5766/D5766M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the open-hole tensile strength of multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6264/D6264M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite to a Concentrated Quasi-Static Indentation Force

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made of advanced composite laminates. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a laminated composite plate is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.2 QSI testing can serve the following purposes:  
5.2.1 To simulate the force-displacement relationships of impacts governed by boundary conditions (1-7).5 These are typically relatively large-mass low-velocity hard-body impacts on plates with a relatively small unsupported region. Since the test is run slowly in displacement control, the desired damage state can be obtained in a controlled manner. Associating specific damage events with a force during a drop-weight impact test is often difficult due to the oscillations in the force history. In addition, a specific sequence of damage events may be identified during quasi-static loading while the final damage state is only identifiable after a drop-weight impact test.  
5.2.2 To provide an estimate of the impact energy required to obtain a similar damage state for drop-weight impact testing if all others parameters are held constant.  
5.2.3 To establish quantitatively the effects of stacking sequence, fiber surface treatment, variations in fiber volume fraction, and processing and environmental variables on the damage resistance of a particular composite laminate to a concentrated indentation force.  
5.2.4 To compare quantitatively the relative values of the damage resistance parameters for composite materials with different constituents. The damage response parameters can include dent depth, damage dimensions and through-thickness locations, Fmax , Ea, and Emax, as well as the force versus indenter displacement curve.  
5.2.5 To impart damage in a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance tests, such as Test Method D7137/D7137M.  
5.2.6 To measure the indentation response of the specimen with and without bending us...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the damage resistance of multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminated plates subjected to a concentrated indentation force (Fig. 1). Procedures are specified for determining the damage resistance for a test specimen supported over a circular opening and for a rigidly-backed test specimen. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites, with the range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses defined in 8.2. This test method may prove useful for other types and classes of composite materials.
FIG. 1 Quasi-Static Indentation Test  
1.1.1 Instructions for modifying these procedures to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions are provided in Practice D7766/D7766M.  
1.2 A flat, square composite plate is subjected to an out-of-plane, concentrated force by slowly pressing a hemispherical indenter into the surface. The damage resistance is quantified in terms of a critical contact force to cause a specific size and type of damage in the specimen.  
1.3 The test method may be used to screen materials for damage resistance, or to inflict damage into a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance testing. The indented plate can be subsequently tested in accordance with Test Method D7137/D7137M to measure residual strength properties. Drop-weight impact per Test Method D7136/D7136M may be used as an alternate method of creating damage from an out-of-plane force and measuring damage resistance properties.  
1.4 The damage resistance properties generated by this test method are highly dependent upon several factors, which include specimen geometry, layup, indenter geometry, force, and boundary conditions. Thus, results are generally not scalable to other configurations, and are particular to the combination of geometric and physical conditions tested.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound u...

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