ASTM E1022-94(2013)

Standard Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks (Withdrawn 2022)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A bioconcentration test is conducted to obtain information concerning the ability of an aquatic species to accumulate a test material directly from water. This guide provides guidance for designing bioconcentration tests on the properties of the test material so that each material is tested in a cost-effective manner.  
5.2 Because steady-state is usually approached from the low side and the definition of apparent steady-state is based on a statistical hypothesis test, the apparent steady-state BCF will usually be lower than the steady-state BCF. With the variation and sample sizes commonly used in bioconcentration tests, the actual steady-state BCF will usually be no more than twice the apparent BCF.  
5.3 When both are determined in the same test, the projected steady-state BCF will usually be higher than the apparent steady-state BCF because the models used to calculate the projected BCF assume that the BCF steadily increases until infinite time.  
5.4 The BCFs and rates and extents of uptake and depuration will depend on temperature, water quality, the species and its size, physiological condition, age, and other factors (1).3 Although organisms are fed during tests, uptake by means of sorption onto food is probably negligible during tests.  
5.5 Results of bioconcentration tests are used to predict concentrations likely to occur in aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that mobile organisms might avoid exposure when possible. Under the experimental conditions, particulate matter is deliberately minimized compared to natural water systems. Exposure conditions for the tests may therefore not be comparable for an organic chemical that has a high octanol-water partition coefficient or for an inorganic chemical that sorbs substantially onto particulate matter. The amount of the test substance in solution is thereby reduced in both cases, and therefore the material is less available to many organisms...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning bioconcentration of a test material added to dilution water—but not to food—by freshwater and saltwater fishes and saltwater bivalve mollusks using the flow-through technique. These procedures also should be useful for conducting bioconcentration tests with other aquatic species, although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, the results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to those of many other tests. The comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting bioconcentration tests.  
1.3 These procedures are applicable to all chemicals that can be measured accurately at the necessary concentrations in water and in appropriate tissues. Bioconcentration tests are usually conducted on individual chemicals but can be conducted on mixtures if appropriate measurements can be made. Some techniques described in this guide were developed for tests on non-ionizable organic chemicals (see 11.1.2.1) and might not apply to ionizable or inorganic chemicals.  
1.4 Results of bioconcentration tests should usually be reported in terms of apparent steady-state and projected steady-state bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and uptake and depuration rate constants. Results should be reported in terms of whole body for fishes and in terms of total soft tissue for bivalve mollusks. For fishes and scallops consumed by humans, some results should also be reported in terms of the edible portion, especially if ingestion of the test material by humans is a major concern. For tests on organic and organometallic chemicals, the ...

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 28-Feb-2013
• ICS: 07.080 - Biology. Botany. Zoology
• Technical Committee: E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
• Drafting Committee: E50.47 - Biological Effects and Environmental Fate

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1022 − 94 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Guide for
Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and
Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1022; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope humans is a major concern. For tests on organic and organo-
metallic chemicals, the percent lipids of the tissue should be
1.1 Thisguidedescribesproceduresforobtaininglaboratory
reported.
data concerning bioconcentration of a test material added to
1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:
dilution water—but not to food—by freshwater and saltwater
fishes and saltwater bivalve mollusks using the flow-through
Section
Referenced Documents 2
technique.Theseproceduresalsoshouldbeusefulforconduct-
Terminology 3
ing bioconcentration tests with other aquatic species, although
Summary of Guide 4
modifications might be necessary.
Significance and Use 5
Safety Precautions 7
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justi-
Apparatus 6
fied by special needs or circumstances.Although using appro- Facilities 6.1
Construction Materials 6.2
priate procedures is more important than following prescribed
Metering System 6.3
procedures, the results of tests conducted using unusual pro-
Test Chambers 6.4
Cleaning 6.4.4
cedures are not likely to be comparable to those of many other
Acceptability 6.5
tests. The comparison of results obtained using modified and
Dilution Water 8
unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful
Requirements 8.1
Source 8.2
information concerning new concepts and procedures for
Treatment 8.3
conducting bioconcentration tests.
Characterization 8.4
Test Material 9
1.3 These procedures are applicable to all chemicals that
General 9.1
can be measured accurately at the necessary concentrations in
Radiolabeled Material 9.2
water and in appropriate tissues. Bioconcentration tests are
Stock Solution 9.3
Test Concentration(s) 9.4
usually conducted on individual chemicals but can be con-
Test Organisms 10
ducted on mixtures if appropriate measurements can be made.
Species 10.1
Some techniques described in this guide were developed for
Size 10.2
Source 10.3
tests on non-ionizable organic chemicals (see 11.1.2.1) and
Care and Handling 10.4
might not apply to ionizable or inorganic chemicals.
Feeding 10.5
Disease Treatment 10.6
1.4 Results of bioconcentration tests should usually be
Holding 10.7
reportedintermsofapparentsteady-stateandprojectedsteady-
Acclimation 10.8
Quality 10.9
state bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and uptake and depura-
Procedure 11
tion rate constants. Results should be reported in terms of
Experimental Design 11.1
whole body for fishes and in terms of total soft tissue for
Dissolved Oxygen 11.2
Temperature 11.3
bivalve mollusks. For fishes and scallops consumed by
Loading 11.4
humans, some results should also be reported in terms of the
Beginning the Test 11.5
edible portion, especially if ingestion of the test material by
Care of Organisms 11.6
Feeding 11.7
Cleaning 11.8
Biological Data 11.9
Measurements on Test Solutions 11.10
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Analytical Methodology 12
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
Acceptability of Test 13
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Calculation of Results 14
Current edition approved March 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originally
Documentation 15
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1022–94(2007).
Keywords 16
DOI: 10.1520/E1022-94R13.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1022 − 94 (Reapproved 2013)
E1022 − 94 (2013)
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2.1 apparent steady-state bioconcentration factor—aBCF
standard.
that does not change significantly over a period of two to four
daysatauniformconcentration(asdefinedin11.10.3.2)ofthe
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
testmaterialinthesolutioncontainingtheorganism,thatis,the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
BCF that exists when uptake and depuration are equal and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
bioconcentration (net accumulation) is zero for two to four
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
days.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
3.2.2 bioaccumulation—thenetaccumulationofasubstance
by an organism as a result of uptake from all environmental
2. Referenced Documents
sources.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.3 bioconcentration—the net accumulation of a sub-
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
stance by an aquatic organism as a result of uptake directly
E729Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test
from aqueous solution.
Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-
3.2.4 bioconcentration factor (BCF)—the quotient, at any
ians
time during the uptake phase of a bioconcentration test, of the
E943Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-
concentrationofamaterialinoneormoretissuesofanaquatic
ronmental Fate
organism at that time, divided by the effective average expo-
E1023Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to
sure concentration at that time of the same material in the
Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
solution which contains the organism, in units of volume of
E1191Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with
solutionpermassoforganism.(BCFsareusuallycalculatedso
Saltwater Mysids
that the volume of solution, for example, 1 L, is about
E1193Guide for Conducting Daphnia magna Life-Cycle
comparable to the mass of tissue, for example, 1 kg, and the
Toxicity Tests
BCF is reported without units.)
E1241GuideforConductingEarlyLife-StageToxicityTests
with Fishes
3.2.5 depuration—loss of a substance from an organism as
E1295Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxic-
a result of any active or passive process.
ity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia
3.2.6 depuration curve—the line obtained by plotting the
IEEE/ASTM SI10Standard for Use of the International
measured concentration of a test material in aquatic organisms
System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
versus time during the depuration phase of a bioconcentration
test.
3. Terminology
3.2.7 depuration phase—the portion of a bioconcentration
3.1 Definitions:
test after the uptake phase and during which the organisms are
3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and
in dilution water to which no test material has been added.
“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” is
usedtoexpressanabsoluterequirement,thatis,tostatethatthe 3.2.8 depuration rate constant—the mathematically derived
test ought to be designed to satisfy the specified condition,
value(s) that expresses how rapidly test material is eliminated
unless the purpose of the test requires a different design.
from previously exposed aquatic organisms when placed in
“Must” is used only in connection with factors that relate
dilutionwatertowhichnotestmaterialhasbeenadded,usually
directly to the acceptability of the test (see 13.1). “Should” is
expressed in units of reciprocal time.
used to state that the specified condition is recommended and
3.2.9 effectiveaverageexposureconcentration—theaverage
oughttobemetifpossible.Althoughviolationofone“should”
concentration, at any time during the uptake phase of a
is rarely a serious matter, violation of several will often render
bioconcentrationtest,oftestmaterialinthetestsolutionduring
the results questionable. Terms such as “is desirable” are used
the preceding period of time equal to the shorter of (a) the
in connection with less important factors.“ May” is used to
length of the uptake phase to that point and (b) one half the
mean“is(are)allowedto,”“can”isusedtomean“is(are)able
time to apparent steady-state. Effective exposure concentra-
to,” and “might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus the
tions cannot be calculated until after the time to apparent
classic distinction between“ may” and “can” is preserved, and
steady-state has been determined, unless the concentration of
“might” is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”
test material is constant.
3.1.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, refer
3.2.10 projected steady-state bioconcentration factor—a
to Terminologies D1129 and E943 and Guide E729. For an
BCFcalculatedforinfinitetime(a)fromuptakeanddepuration
explanation of units and symbols, refer to Standard IEEE/
rate constants derived using an appropriate compartmental
ASTM SI10.
model or (b) by fitting an appropriate equation to data
concerning BCF versus time.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.11 uptake—acquisition of a substance from the environ-
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
ment by an organism as a result of any active or passive
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. process.
E1022 − 94 (2013)
3.2.12 uptake curve—the line obtained by plotting the 5.3 Whenbotharedeterminedinthesametest,theprojected
measured concentration of test material in aquatic organisms steady-state BCF will usually be higher than the apparent
versus time during the uptake phase of a bioconcentration test. steady-state BCF because the models used to calculate the
projected BCF assume that the BCF steadily increases until
3.2.13 uptake phase—the portion of a bioconcentration test
infinite time.
during which organisms are exposed to test material intention-
ally added to dilution water. (Although uptake and depuration
5.4 The BCFs and rates and extents of uptake and depura-
both occur during the uptake phase, uptake always predomi- tion will depend on temperature, water quality, the species and
nates at the beginning, but depuration often becomes nearly
its size, physiological condition, age, and other factors (1).
equal to uptake at the end of the uptake phase. Occasionally Although organisms are fed during tests, uptake by means of
depuration exceeds uptake during a portion of the uptake
sorption onto food is probably negligible during tests.
phase.)
5.5 Results of bioconcentration tests are used to predict
3.2.14 uptake rate constant—the mathematically derived
concentrations likely to occur in aquatic organisms in field
value(s) that express how rapidly test material is accumulated
situationsasaresultofexposureundercomparableconditions,
by aquatic organisms during the uptake phase of a bioconcen-
except that mobile organisms might avoid exposure when
trationtest,inunitsofvolumeofsolutionpermassoforganism
possible.Undertheexperimentalconditions,particulatematter
per time.
is deliberately minimized compared to natural water systems.
Exposure conditions for the tests may therefore not be compa-
4. Summary of Guide rable for an organic chemical that has a high octanol-water
partition coefficient or for an inorganic chemical that sorbs
4.1 Each of two groups of test organisms of one species is
substantially onto particulate matter. The amount of the test
administered a treatment, consisting of an uptake phase and a
substance in solution is thereby reduced in both cases, and
depuration phase, using the flow-through technique. The con-
therefore the material is less available to many organisms.
trol treatment, in which organisms are exposed during both
However, sorption might increase bioaccumulation by aquatic
phases to dilution water to which no test material has been
species that ingest particulate matter (2), or food may be a
added, provides a measure of the acceptability of the test by
more important source of residues in fish than water per se for
givinganindicationofthequalityofthetestorganismsandthe
stable neutral organic chemicals that have a Log K between
ow
suitability of the dilution water, food, test conditions, handling
4 and 6 (3).
procedures, etc. In the other treatment the organisms are (a)
exposed during the uptake phase to dilution water, to which a 5.6 Resultsofbioconcentrationtestscanbeusedtocompare
selected concentration of test material has been intentionally
the propensity of different materials to be accumulated. Non-
added, at least until either apparent steady-state or 28 days is ionizable organic chemicals can also be ranked for bioconcen-
reached and (b) exposed during the depuration phase to
tration using correlations that have been reported between
dilutionwatertowhichnotestmaterialhasbeenadded.During steady-state BCFs and physical–chemical properties, such as
both phases of the test, representative organisms and water
the octanol–water partition coefficient and solubility in water
samples are removed periodically from each test chamber and (4). However, when such predictions are impossible, exceed
analyzed for test material.Apparent steady-state and projected the demonstrated limits of the correlation, or might be other-
steady-stateBCFsanduptakeanddepurationrateconstantsare wise questionable (1, 5), a bioconcentration test may be
usually calculated from the measured concentrations of test necessary.
material in tissue and water samples. If it is desired to
5.7 Results of bioconcentration tests can also be used to
determine whether BCFs and rate constants are dependent on
compare the abilities of different species to accumulate mate-
the concentration of test material in water, additional
rials. At steady-state the concentration of a nonionizable
treatments, utilizing different concentrations of test material
organic chemical in individual organisms, and in various
during the uptake phase, must be used.
tissues within an organism, will probably be related to the
concentration of lipids in the organisms and tissues (6).
5. Significance and Use
5.8 Results of bioconcentration tests might be an important
5.1 Abioconcentration test is conducted to obtain informa-
consideration when assessing hazard (see Guide E1023)or
tion concerning the ability of an aquatic species to accumulate
deriving water-quality criteria because consumer animals
a test material directly from water. This guide provides
mightbeadverselyaffectedbyingestingaquaticorganismsthat
guidancefordesigningbioconcen
...