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ASTM D7949-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Thermal Integrity Profiling of Concrete Deep Foundations (Withdrawn 2023)

Standard Test Methods for Thermal Integrity Profiling of Concrete Deep Foundations (Withdrawn 2023)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Temperature measurements taken from a thermal probe lowered into access ducts in the deep foundation element, or from embedded thermal sensors distributed along the length, can be used to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete both inside and outside the reinforcing cage, as well as placement of the cage relative to the center of the curing concrete.3, 4
Note 4: If flaws are detected, then further evaluation and potential remediation may be warranted to determine if the flaw is a defect. Any interpretation is qualitative and possibly relative to the particular deep foundation element material, construction characteristics of the tested structure, and the apparatus used. Interpretation therefore should contain proper engineering judgment and experience.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide procedures for measuring the temperature profile within a deep foundation element constructed using cast-in-place concrete, such as bored piles, drilled shafts, augered piles, diaphragm walls, barrettes, and dams, and alike. The thermal profile induced by the curing concrete can be used to evaluate the homogeneity and integrity of the concrete mass within the deep foundation element.  
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:  
1.2.1 Method A uses a thermal probe lowered into access ducts installed in the deep foundation element during construction.  
1.2.2 Method B uses multiple embedded thermal sensors attached to the reinforcing cage installed in the deep foundation element during construction.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard provides minimum requirements for thermal profiling of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test, may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.  
1.7 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts or thermal sensors is advised for effective testing and interpretation. If a flaw is detected, then the method does not give the exact type of flaw (for example, inclusion, bulge, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, and alike.) but rather only that a flaw exists. The method is limited primarily to testing the concrete during the early curing process.  
1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of...

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Oct-2014
Withdrawal Date
08-Jan-2023
ICS
91.080.40 - Concrete structures
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.11 - Deep Foundations
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7949-14 - Standard Test Methods for Thermal Integrity Profiling of Concrete Deep Foundations (Withdrawn 2023)ASTM D7949-14 - Standard Test Methods for Thermal Integrity Profiling of Concrete Deep Foundations (Withdrawn 2023)
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ASTM D7949-14 - Standard Test Methods for Thermal Integrity Profiling of Concrete Deep Foundations (Withdrawn 2023)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7949 −14
Standard Test Methods for
1
Thermal Integrity Profiling of Concrete Deep Foundations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7949; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
as requirements of the standard.
1.1 These test methods provide procedures for measuring
the temperature profile within a deep foundation element 1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
constructed using cast-in-place concrete, such as bored piles, as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
drilled shafts, augered piles, diaphragm walls, barrettes, and standard.
dams, and alike. The thermal profile induced by the curing
NOTE 1—ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity
concrete can be used to evaluate the homogeneity and integrity
ofanypatentrightsassertedinconnectionwithanyitemmentionedinthis
of the concrete mass within the deep foundation element.
standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination
of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:
such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
1.2.1 Method A uses a thermal probe lowered into access
1.7 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts or
ducts installed in the deep foundation element during construc-
thermal sensors is advised for effective testing and interpreta-
tion.
tion. If a flaw is detected, then the method does not give the
1.2.2 Method B uses multiple embedded thermal sensors
exact type of flaw (for example, inclusion, bulge,
attachedtothereinforcingcageinstalledinthedeepfoundation
honeycombing, lack of cement particles, and alike.) but rather
element during construction.
only that a flaw exists. The method is limited primarily to
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
testing the concrete during the early curing process.
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
1.3.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
2. Referenced Documents
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to com-
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
mensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of
Fluids
this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
methods for engineering design.
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
1.4 This standard provides minimum requirements for ther-
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
mal profiling of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans,
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified
Data
engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test, may
provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to
3. Terminology
satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes,
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.11onDeepFoundations. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7949–14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
...

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5.1 This method uses data from ultrasonic probes lowered into parallel access ducts, or in a single access duct, in the deep foundation element to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete between the probes. The data are used to confirm adequate concrete quality or identify zones of poor quality. If defects are detected, then further investigations should be made by excavation or coring the concrete as appropriate, or by other testing such as Test Method D1143, D4945 or D5882, and measures taken to remediate the structure if a defect is confirmed.  
5.2 Limitations:  
5.2.1 For crosshole tests, the access ducts should preferably be made of steel to prevent debonding of the access duct from the concrete resulting in an anomaly. This test can assess to the integrity of the concrete mainly in the area bounded by the access ducts, which means typically inside the reinforcement cage.  
5.2.2 For single hole tests the access tubes must be plastic tubes. Testing should therefore be performed as soon as practical in order to avoid debonding issues. Since the generated waves travel through the concrete around the access duct, unless a flaw is massive enough and very near to the access duct it may not be detected by this method.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and inspection. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
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1.1 This test method covers procedures for checking the homogeneity and integrity of concrete in deep foundation such as bored piles, drilled shafts, concrete piles or augercast piles. This method can also be extended to diaphragm walls, barrettes, dams etc. In this test method, all the above will be designated “deep foundation elements.” The test measures the propagation time and relative energy of an ultrasonic pulse between parallel access ducts (crosshole) or in a single tube (single hole) installed in the deep foundation element. This method is most applicable when performed in tubes that are installed during construction.  
1.2 Similar techniques with different excitation sources exist, but these techniques are outside the scope of this test method.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this test method is not directly related to the accuracy to which data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.  
1.5 This standard provides minimum requirements for crosshole (or single hole) testing of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans, specifications, provisions, or combinations thereof prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts is essential for effective testing and interpretation. The method does not give the exact type of flaw (for example, inclusion, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, etc....

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4.1 This test is meant to simulate the ability of a coating applied to a basement or other below grade masonry walls to prevent the intrusion of water through the coating caused by hydrostatic pressure from water on the outside of the structure.
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Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods provide a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be used in concrete.  
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1.1 These test methods cover a procedure for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of metals in concrete. These test methods can be used to evaluate materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of admixtures in a chloride environment.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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5.1 This practice is used to prepare concrete for coatings where optimum bond is desired for service conditions such as continuous or intermittent immersion, temperature cycling, or mechanical loading.
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3.1 This test method provides information on the condition of concrete bridge decks overlaid with asphaltic concrete without necessitating removal of the overlay, or other destructive procedures.  
3.2 This test method also provides information on the condition of bridge decks without overlays and with portland cement concrete overlays.  
3.3 A systematic approach to bridge deck rehabilitation requires considerable data on the condition of the decks. In the past, data has been collected using the traditional methods of visual inspection supplemented by physical testing and coring. Such methods have proven to be tedious, expensive, and of limited accuracy. Consequently, GPR provides a mechanism to rapidly survey bridges in an efficient, nondestructive manner.  
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3.5 GPR is currently the only nondestructive method that can evaluate bridge deck condition on bridge decks containing an asphalt overlay.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers several ground penetrating radar (GPR) evaluation procedures that can be used to evaluate the condition of concrete bridge decks overlaid with asphaltic concrete wearing surfaces. These procedures can also be used for bridge decks overlaid with portland cement concrete and for bridge decks without an overlay. Specifically, this test method predicts the presence or absence of concrete or rebar deterioration at or above the level of the top layer of reinforcing bar.  
1.2 Deterioration in concrete bridge decks is manifested by the corrosion of embedded reinforcement or the decomposition of concrete, or both. The most serious form of deterioration is that which is caused by corrosion of embedded reinforcement. Corrosion may be initiated by deicing salts, used for snow and ice control in the winter months, penetrating the concrete. In arid climates, the corrosion can be initiated by chloride ions contained in the mix ingredients. Deterioration may also be initiated by the intrusion of water and aggravated by subsequent freeze/thaw cycles, causing damage to the concrete and subsequent debonding of the reinforcing steel with the surrounding compromised concrete.  
1.2.1 As the reinforcing steel corrodes, it expands and creates a crack or subsurface fracture plane in the concrete at or just above the level of the reinforcement. The fracture plane, or delamination, may be localized or may extend over a substantial area, especially if the concrete cover to the reinforcement is small. It is not uncommon for more than one delamination to occur on different planes between the concrete surface and the reinforcing steel. Delaminations are not visible on the concrete surface. However, if repairs are not made, the delaminations progress to open spalls and, with continued corrosion, eventually affect the structural integrity of the deck.  
1.2.2 The portion of concrete contaminated with excessive chlorides is generally structurally deficient compared with non-contaminated concrete. Additionally, the chloride-contaminated concrete provides a pathway for the chloride ions to initiate corrosion of the reinforcing steel. It is therefore of particular interest in bridge deck condition investigations to locate not only the areas of active reinforcement corrosion, but also areas of chloride-contaminated and otherwise deteriorated concrete.  
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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