ASTM D6898-03
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluating Diesel Fuel Lubricity by an Injection Pump Rig
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Diesel Fuel Lubricity by an Injection Pump Rig
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Diesel fuel injection equipment has some reliance on lubricating properties of the diesel fuel. Shortened life of engine components, such as diesel fuel injection pumps and injectors, has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in a diesel fuel.
Pump Lubricity Value (PLV) test results generally rank fuel effects on diesel injection system pump component distress due to wear in the same order as Bosch, Lucas, Stanadyne, and Cummins in-house rig tests.7 In these fuel/hardware tests, boundary lubrication is believed to be a factor in the operation of the component.
The PLV is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials and the temperature of the test. Lubricity evaluations are also sensitive to trace contaminants acquired during test fuel sampling and storage.
Test Methods D 6078 and D 6079 are two methods for evaluating diesel fuel lubricity. No absolute correlation has been developed between these two test methods, or between either of these methods and the PLV.
The PLV may be used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a fluid for preventing wear under the prescribed test conditions.
This test method is designed to evaluate boundary lubrication properties. While viscosity effects on lubricity are not totally eliminated, they are minimized.
This test can indicate whether or not an additive will improve the lubricity of a poor lubricity fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers evaluating the lubricity of diesel fuels using a pump rig test and Stanadyne Model DB4427-4782 pumps.Note 1
Other pumps may be used if a correlation between pump performance factors and fuel lubricity has been developed.
1.2 This test method is applicable to any fuel used in diesel engines, including those which may contain a lubricity enhancing additive.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D6898 – 03
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating Diesel Fuel Lubricity by an Injection Pump Rig
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6898; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
All diesel fuel injection equipment relies, to some extent, on diesel fuel as a lubricant. Shortened
life of diesel fuel injection pumps and injectors from wear caused by excessive friction has sometimes
been ascribed to lack of lubricity in the fuel. This test assesses the lubricity of a fuel by operation of
the fuel in a typical fuel injection system comprised of injection pump, high pressure pipes, and
injectors on a pump test rig bench. The test models an actual commercial application of such
equipment. The pump performance is evaluated on a test bench meeting SAE J1668 requirements.
1. Scope Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversevaluatingthelubricityofdiesel
Fuels by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity
fuels using a pump rig test and Stanadyne Model DB4427-
Evaluator (SLBOCLE)
4782 pumps.
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel
NOTE 1—Other pumps may be used if a correlation between pump
Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
performance factors and fuel lubricity has been developed.
2.2 SAE Standards:
1.2 This test method is applicable to any fuel used in diesel
SAE J967 Calibration Fluid for Diesel Injection Equipment
engines,includingthosewhichmaycontainalubricityenhanc-
SAE J968/1 Diesel Injection Pump Testing—Part 1: Cali-
ing additive.
brating Nozzles and Holder Assemblies
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
SAE J1418 Fuel Injection Pumps—High Pressure Pipes
standard.
(Tubing) for Testing
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
SAE J1668 Diesel Engines—Fuel Injection Pump Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
3.1.1 boundary lubrication, n—a condition in which the
statements are given in Section 7.
friction and wear between two surfaces in relative motion are
determined by the properties of the surfaces and the properties
2. Referenced Documents
of the contacting fluid, other than bulk viscosity.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Metal to metal contact occurs and the
D329 Specification for Acetone
chemistry of the system is involved. Physically adsorbed or
3 4
D362 Specification for Industrial Grade Toluene
chemically reacted soft films (usually very thin) support
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
contact loads. Consequently, some wear is inevitable.
Petroleum Products
3.1.2 lubricity, n—a qualitative term describing the ability
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
of a fluid to affect friction between, and wear to, surfaces in
Petroleum Products
relative motion under load.
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, the lubricity of a
fluid is evaluated by comparing critical pump component
dimensions, fuel flow rate and transfer pump pressures before
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
and after testing under defined and controlled conditions. A
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
computed value known as pump lubricity value (PLV) results.
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published May 2003. DOI: 10.1520/
D6898-03.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
3 6
Discontinued. See 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04. Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6898 – 03
Trademark of STANADYNE Diesel Systems
FIG. 1 Schematic of Stanadyne Model DB4427-4782 Pump
3.1.3 roller-to-roller (R-R), n—a linear measurement of dyne, and Cummins in-house rig tests. In these fuel/hardware
opposing pumping plungers in an injection pump when pres- tests, boundary lubrication is believed to be a factor in the
operation of the component.
surized to force the plungers outward against the adjustable
5.3 The PLV is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and
stop mechanism.
test materials and the temperature of the test. Lubricity
3.1.4 transfer pump (TP), n—a vane type low pressure
evaluations are also sensitive to trace contaminants acquired
supply pump internal to an injection pump.
during test fuel sampling and storage.
5.4 Test Methods D6078 and D6079 are two methods for
4. Summary of Test Method
evaluating diesel fuel lubricity. No absolute correlation has
4.1 Prior to the start of the 500 h test, the roller-to-roller been developed between these two test methods, or between
either of these methods and the PLV.
(R-R) dimension and transfer pump (TP) blade thickness are
5.5 The PLV may be used to evaluate the relative effective-
measured on two new or rebuilt pumps. The fuel flow
ness of a fluid for preventing wear under the prescribed test
(mm /stroke) and TP pressure (kPa) of each pump are mea-
conditions.
sured at 100 rpm increments from 1000 to 2200 rpm.
5.6 This test method is designed to evaluate boundary
4.2 The pumps are mounted on the test bench and a
lubrication properties. While viscosity effects on lubricity are
thorough flushing process is performed. The test fuel(s) are
not totally eliminated, they are minimized.
stored in epoxy-lined containers (55 U.S. gal drums are
5.7 This test can indicate whether or not an additive will
suitable) which are plumbed to the test bench.
improve the lubricity of a poor lubricity fuel.
4.3 The pumps are operated at 1100 rpm for 500 h at the
6. Apparatus
specified test conditions.
6.1 Test Pumps—The test pumps are Stanadyne 4-cylinder
4.4 The pumps are removed from the test bench and the
model DB4427-4782 pump (see Fig. 1). Providing they meet
pre-test measurements are repeated.
the Stanadyne DB4427-4782 specifications (see Fig. 2), the
4.5 The pre- and post- test data are used to compute the
pumps can be new or rebuilt. The test pump must always use
pump lubricity value (PLV).
new head and rotor, and TP assemblies. While a single pump
can be tested, the preferred method is to test two pumps
5. Significance and Use
simultaneously with the same test fuel.
5.1 Diesel fuel injection equipment has some reliance on
lubricating properties of the diesel fuel. Shortened life of
Nikanjam, M., Crosby, T., Henderson, P., Gray, C., Meyer, K., and Davenport,
N., “ISO Diesel Fuel Lubricity Round Robin Program,” SAE Paper 952372, Oct.
engine components, such as diesel fuel injection pumps and
16-19, 1995.
injectors, has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in a
The sole source of supply of the pumps known to the committee at this time is
diesel fuel.
Stanadyne Automotive Corp., 92 Deerfield Rd., Windsor, CT 06095-2409, or a
registered service dealer. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide
5.2 Pump Lubricity Value (PLV) test results generally rank
this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
fuel effects on diesel injection system pump component dis-
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee , which
tress due to wear in the same order as Bosch, Lucas, Stana- you may attend.
D6898 – 03
Trademark of STANADYNE Diesel Systems
All speeds are in engine rpm unless otherwise noted.
Use latest revision for all Referenced Documents.
FIG. 2 Injection Pump Specification (Service/Assembly) Model No.: DB4427-4782
6.2 Performance Test Bench—An SAE J1668 test bench is systemisclosedandthefuelcontinuouslyrecirculates.Thetest
used for performance testing of each test pump. rig is operated in a room with an ambient temperature of 24 6
6.3 Calibrating Injector—A calibrating nozzle and holder 3°C.
assembly with a single hole orifice plate, in accordance with 6.5 Electric Motor, an adjustable speed motor capable of
SAE J968/1, is used for performance testing of each test pump. producing speeds to 1500 rpm and a torque of 122 N-m.
6.4 Pump Test Rig—Thepumptestrigconsistsofanelectric 6.6 Low Pressure Piping, 9.5 mm inside diameter stainless
motor driven test bench capable of driving two test pumps steel tubing of whatever length is needed for the application.
simultaneously at a specified speed (see Fig. 3). The test rig is 6.7 Boost Pumps, pumps which operate at 14 to 34 kPa and
equippedwithstainlesssteellowpressurepipingwithfuelinlet pump 76 to 114 L/h.
pipes from a drum of test fuel. Boost pumps in the inlet lines 6.8 Fuel Filters, Stanadyne model 100 or John Deere RF
pump fuel through fuel filters to the inlet of the test pumps. 624118.
Fuel is discharged from the test pumps through specified inside
diameter and length high pressure pipe, to the specified
injectors. The injectors are housed in accumulators to collect
Available from Stanadyne Automotive Corp., 92 Deerfield Rd., Windsor, CT
the discharged fuel and return it to the drum. Thus the fuel 06095-2409, or a registered service dealer.
D6898 – 03
6.22 Hydrocarbon Gas Detector, used to monitor for poten-
tially explosive vapors in the room.
6.23 Flushing Adapters, necessary fittings and adapters to
bypassthefuelfilter,connectthefuelpumpinletdirectlytothe
HP pipes, and connect the HP pipes to the accumulator. These
adapters are used to flush the test rig between fuel tests.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Acetone, conforming to Specification D329.
(Warning—Extremely flammable. Vapors may cause flash
fire.)
7.2 Calibration Fluid, a fluid formulated from refined and
deodorized fuel stocks, meeting SAE J967 specifications, used
for pump performance testing.
7.3 Compressed Air, containing less than 0.1 ppmv hydro-
carbons and 50 ppmv water. (Warning—Compressed gas
under high pressure. Use with extreme caution in the presence
of combustible material.)
7.4 Flushing Fluid, 75/25 mixture of toluene and acetone
NOTE—The system shown in this figure is a six–cylinder (six injectors)
used to flush the pump test rig between fuel tests.
pump, while the test pump (see 6.1) is a four–cylinder application.
7.5 Toluene, conforming to Specification D362.
FIG. 3 Test Rig Portable Bench
(Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
6.9 Filter Head/Fuel Handler,Stanadyne33260 forattach-
8. Sampling and Sample Containers
ment of fuel filters.
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, take samples by the proce-
6.10 High Pressure Pipes—HP pipes in accordance with
dure described in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.
SAE J1418 are 1.6 6 0.025 mm inside diameter 3 640 6 5
8.2 Because of the sensitivity of lubricity measurements to
mm long with a nominal outside diameter of 6 mm and a
trace materials, sample containers shall be only fully epoxy-
minimum central line bend radius of 16 mm for both the
lined metal drums, cleaned and rinsed thoroughly at least three
performance testing and the test rig testing testing.
timeswiththeproducttobesampledbeforeuse,asspecifiedin
NOTE 2—SAE J1418 specifies the length of this tubing as 600 65mm
Practice D4306.
but 640 mm is required in these applications.
8.3 New sample containers are preferred, but if not avail-
6.11 Test Rig Injectors—ThetestriginjectorsareStanadyne able, Practice D4306 gives guidance on suitable cleaning
p/n 27336 (see Fig. 4). These injectors are known as engine
procedures.
injectors as compared to calibrating injectors.
9. Preparation of Apparatus, Pumps, and Engine
6.12 Accumulator, a stainless steel box, into which the
Injectors
injectors are screwed, that has a line to return the injected fuel
back to the drum (see Fig. 5). 9.1 Disassemble a test pump in accordance with the instruc-
6.13 Micrometer, 25.4 to 50.8 mm with a resolution of tions in Stanadyne Publication 99689 to permit measurement
0.001 mm and an accuracy of 0.003 mm to measure the R-R of the R-R dimension and the TP blade thickness.
dimension. 9.2 Secure R-R setting fixture 19969 in vise and insert rotor
6.14 Point Micrometer, 0 to 25.4 mm with a resolution of assembly (see Fig. 6). Connect dry, clean, filtered compressed
0.001 mm and an accuracy of 0.003 mm to measure the air source regulated to 4.5 to 11.3 kPa to force the plungers
thickness of the TP blades. outward until the shoes contact the leaf springs. Using the 25.4
6.15 R-R Setting Fixture, a special tool available from
to 50.8 micrometer, measure the distance between the outer
Stanadyne. surfaces of each pair of opposed rollers to the nearest 0.002
6.16 Electronic Control Unit, any commercially available mm. The R-R dimension must be 49.73 6 0.04 mm. The leaf
unit capable of operating the test rig. spring adjusting screws can be turned clockwise to increase or
6.17 Tachometers, used to measure the rpm of the test counterclockwise to decrease the dimension. The two dimen-
pumps. sions must be within 0.08 mm of each other and the average of
6.18 Thermocouples, used to measure air temperature, and the two dimensions must be within 0.04 mm of 49.73 mm.
fuel temperatures in the drum, after the boost pump, after the 9.2.1 Example—One pair of rollers measures 49.76 mm
DB4427-4782 pumps, and in the fuel return lines. while the other measures 49.68 mm. The two dimensions are
6.19 Pressure Transducers, used to measure the pressure within 0.08 mm of each other and the average of the 2
after the boost pump and after the DB4427-4782 pumps. dimensions, 49.72 is within 0.04 mm of 49.73 mm. If the R-R
6.20 Flow Meters,usedtomeasurethefuelflowthroughthe dimensions meet the above specifications, they are suitable for
DB4427-4782 pumps. use in this test. Record the measured dimensions. If the
6.21 Level Sensor, used to monitor the level of fuel in the dimensions do not meet the above specifications, new shoes
drum. will be required.
D6898 – 03
FIG. 4 Injector Specification
D6898 –
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