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ASTM G183-05(2010)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers

Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes deployment conditions, maintenance requirements, verification procedures and calibration frequencies for use of pyranometers, pyrheliometers and UV radiometers in outdoor testing environments. This practice also discusses the conditions that dictate the level of accuracy required for instruments of different classes.
1.2 While both pyranometers and UV radiometers may be employed indoors to measure light radiation sources, the measurement of ultraviolet and light radiation in accelerated weathering enclosures using manufactured light sources generally requires specialized radiometric instruments. Use of radiometric instrumentation to measure laboratory light sources is covered in ISO 9370.
Note 1—An ASTM standard that is similar to ISO 9370 is under development and deals with the instrumental determination of irradiance and radiant exposure in weathering tests.
1.3 The characterization of radiometers is outside the scope of the activities required of users of radiometers, as contemplated by this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2010
ICS
17.240 - Radiation measurements
Technical Committee
G03 - Weathering and Durability
Drafting Committee
G03.09 - Radiometry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G183-05 - Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM G201-16 - Standard Practice for Conducting Exposures in Outdoor Glass-Covered Exposure Apparatus with Air Circulation
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1125-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular Spectrum
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM D5272-08(2021) - Standard Practice for Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM G141-09(2021) - Standard Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2848-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Reporting Photovoltaic Non-Concentrator System Performance
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM G222-21 - Standard Practice for Estimation of UV Irradiance Received by Field-Exposed Products as a Function of Location
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010

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ASTM G183-05(2010) - Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV RadiometersASTM G183-05(2010) - Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers
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ASTM G183-05(2010) - Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G183 − 05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV
1
Radiometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.1 This practice describes deployment conditions, mainte-
ISO 877 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Direct
nance requirements, verification procedures and calibration
Weathering, Indirect Weathering Using Glass-Filtered
frequencies for use of pyranometers, pyrheliometers and UV
Daylight and Indirect Weathering by Daylight Using
radiometers in outdoor testing environments.This practice also
3
Fresnel Mirrors
discusses the conditions that dictate the level of accuracy
ISO 9060 Solar Energy—Specification and Classification of
required for instruments of different classes.
Instruments for Measuring Hemispherical Solar and Di-
1.2 While both pyranometers and UV radiometers may be
3
rect Solar Radiation
employed indoors to measure light radiation sources, the
ISO 9370 Plastics—Instrumental Determination of Radiant
measurement of ultraviolet and light radiation in accelerated
3
Exposure in Weathering Tests—General Guidance
weathering enclosures using manufactured light sources gen-
ISO TR 9901 Solar Energy—Field Pyranometers—
erally requires specialized radiometric instruments. Use of
3
Recommended Practice for Use
radiometric instrumentation to measure laboratory light
2.3 Other Reference:
sources is covered in ISO 9370.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1983 “Mea-
NOTE 1—An ASTM standard that is similar to ISO 9370 is under
development and deals with the instrumental determination of irradiance surement of Radiation,” Guide to Meteorological Instru-
and radiant exposure in weathering tests.
ments and Methods of Observation,fifthed.,WMO-No.8,
Geneva
1.3 The characterization of radiometers is outside the scope
of the activities required of users of radiometers, as contem-
3. Terminology
plated by this standard.
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminologies
2. Referenced Documents
E772 and G113 are applicable to this practice.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Radiometer Selection
E772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
G7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Test- 4.1 Criteria for the Selection of Radiometers:
ing of Nonmetallic Materials
4.1.1 There are several criteria that need to be considered
G24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered for selection of the radiometer that will be used:
Through Glass
4.1.1.1 Function specific criteria, such as whether a
G90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weather- pyranometer, pyrheliometer or UV radiometer is required,
ing of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural
4.1.1.2 Task specific criteria, such as the accuracy require-
Sunlight ments for the selected incident angle and temperature ranges,
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificial Weath-
and maximum response time,
4.1.1.3 Operational criteria, such as dimensions, weight,
stability and maintenance, and
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G03 on Weathering 4.1.1.4 Economiccriteria,suchaswhennetworkshavetobe
and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.09 on
equipped, or whether the instrument is being acquired for
Radiometry.
internal reference purposes, or for research purposes, etc.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as G183 – 05. DOI:
4.2 Selection Related to Radiometer Type:
10.1520/G0183-05R10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G183 − 05 (2010)
4.2.1 Pyranometers, which measure global solar irradiance 4.3.3 Iftheaccuracyofthehighestcategoryofinstrumentis
inthe300to2500nmwavelengthregion,arerequiredtoassess insufficient for the application contemplated, the following
thehemisphericalsolarirradianceonsurfacesoftestspecimens recommendations are given:
mounted on weathering test racks that are used by the outdoor
4.3.
...

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1.1 This practice describes deployment conditions, maintenance requirements, verification procedures and calibration frequencies for use of pyranometers, pyrheliometers and UV radiometers in outdoor testing environments. This practice also discusses the conditions that dictate the level of accuracy required for instruments of different types.  
1.2 While both pyranometers and UV radiometers may be employed indoors to measure light radiation sources, the measurement of ultraviolet and light radiation in accelerated weathering enclosures using manufactured light sources generally requires specialized radiometric instruments. Use of radiometric instrumentation to measure laboratory light sources is covered in ISO 9370.
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ASTM G222-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimation of UV Irradiance Received by Field-Exposed Products as a Function of Location

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Products exposed outdoors degrade due to primarily three stress factors: sunlight, temperature and moisture. The rate of property change is a function of time and stressors’ intensity.  
5.2 Whereas the UV irradiance calculated in this practice is independent of material, it is especially relevant to polymeric materials exposed outdoors as the combined action of UV radiation and oxygen is often the dominant factor leading to their degradation. Therefore, estimating UV irradiance is an important parameter to assess the service life of products.  
5.3 UV radiant dosage is often more important to determine in the correlation with the amount of degradation than total solar radiant dosage or duration of time. The comparison of UV radiant dosage from one location to another may be used to normalize degradation results.  
5.4 Measured UV irradiance data are scarce compared to total solar irradiance data. Many locations that monitor solar resource data only collect data for total solar radiation. This practice allows the user to estimate the amount of UV irradiance from the amount of total solar irradiance for any site.
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1.1 This practice describes methods to estimate the total solar ultraviolet irradiance on a horizontal surface as a function of Air Mass and geographic location.  
1.2 This practice provides a mathematical model for calculating Global Horizontal Ultraviolet irradiance (GHUV) from Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) data for a specific location.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM G207-11(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Indoor Transfer of Calibration from Reference to Field Pyranometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods described represent a means for calibration of field radiometers employing standard reference radiometers indoors. Other methods involve the natural sunlight outdoors under clear skies, and various combinations of reference radiometers. Outdoors, these methods are useful for cosine and azimuth correction analyses but may suffer from a lack of available clear skies, foreground view factor and directionality problems. Outdoor transfer of calibrations is covered by standards G167, E816, and E824.  
5.2 Several configurations of artificial sources are possible, including:  
5.2.1 Point sources (lamps) at a distance, to which the sensors are exposed.  
5.2.2 Extended sources (banks of lamps, or lamp(s) behind diffusing or “homogenizing” screens) to which the sensors are exposed.  
5.2.3 Various configurations of enclosures (usually spherical or hemispherical) with the interior walls illuminated indirectly with lamps. The sensors are exposed to the radiation emanating from the enclosure walls.  
5.3 Traceability of calibration for pyranometers is accomplished when employing the method using a reference global pyranometer that has been calibrated and is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR).4 For the purposes of this test method, traceability shall have been established if a parent instrument in the calibration chain can be traced to a reference pyrheliometer which has participated in an International Pyrheliometric Comparison (IPC) conducted at the World Radiation Center, (WRC), Davos, Switzerland.  
5.3.1 The reference global pyranometer (for example, one measuring hemispherical solar radiation at all wavelengths) shall have been calibrated by the shading-disk, component summation, or outdoor comparison method against one of the following instruments:
5.3.1.1 An absolute cavity pyrheliometer that participated in a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) sanctioned IPC's (and therefore possesses a WRR reduction factor).
5.3.1.2 An a...
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1.1 The method described in this standard applies to the indoor transfer of calibration from reference to field radiometers to be used for measuring and monitoring outdoor radiant exposure levels.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to field radiometers regardless of the radiation receptor employed but is limited to radiometers having approximately 180° (2π Steradian), field angles.  
1.3 The calibration covered by this test method employs the use of artificial light sources (lamps).  
1.4 Calibrations of field radiometers are performed with sensors horizontal (at 0° tilt from the horizontal to the earth). The essential requirement is that the reference radiometer shall have been calibrated at horizontal tilt as employed in the transfer of calibration.  
1.5 The primary reference instrument shall not be used as a field instrument and its exposure to sunlight shall be limited to outdoor calibration or intercomparisons.
Note 1: At a laboratory where calibrations are performed regularly it is advisable to maintain a group of two or three reference radiometers that are included in every calibration. These serve as controls to detect any instability or irregularity in the standard reference instrument.  
1.6 Reference standard instruments shall be stored in a manner as to not degrade their calibration.  
1.7 The method of calibration specified for total solar pyranometers shall be traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) through the calibration methods of the reference standard instruments (Method G167 and Test Method E816), and the method of calibration specified for narrow- and broad-band ultraviolet radiometers shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or other internationally recognized national standards laboratories (Standard G138).  
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Standard Practice for Screening of Waste for Radioactivity

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most facilities disposing or using waste materials are prohibited from handling wastes that contain radioactive materials. This practice provides the user a rapid method for screening waste material for the presence or absence of radioactivity at user-established levels that consider background radiation and the intended use of the screening method. It is important to these facilities to be able to verify generator-supplied information in regard to radiation and to meet worker health and safety needs.
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1.1 This practice covers the screening for α–, β–, and γ radiation above ambient background levels or user-defined criteria, or both, in liquid, sludge, or solid waste materials.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E266-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron Reaction Rates by Radioactivation of Aluminum

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide E844 for the selection, irradiation, and quality control of neutron dosimeters.  
5.2 Refer to Practice E261 for a general discussion of the determination of fast-neutron fluence rate with threshold detectors.  
5.3 Pure aluminum in the form of foil or wire is readily available and easily handled. 27Al has an abundance of 100 % (1).3  
5.4 24Na has a half-life of 14.958 (2)4 h (2) and emits gamma rays with energies of 1.368630 (5) and 2.754049 (13) MeV (2).  
5.5 Fig. 1 shows a plot of the International Reactor Dosimetry and Fusion File (IRDFF-II) cross section (3, 4) versus neutron energy for the fast-neutron reaction  27Al(n,α) 24Na (3) along with a comparison to the current experimental database (5, 6). While the RRDF-2008 and IRDFF-1.05 cross sections extend from threshold up to 60 MeV, due to considerations of the available validation data, the energy region over which this standard recommends use of this cross section for reactor dosimetry applications only extends from threshold at ~4.25 MeV up to 20 MeV. This figure is for illustrative purposes and is used to indicate the range of response of the  27Al(n,α) reaction. Refer to Guide E1018 for recommended sources for the tabulated dosimetry cross sections.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice uses one monitor (cobalt) with a nearly 1/v absorption cross-section curve and a second monitor (silver) with a large resonance peak so that its resonance integral is large compared to its thermal cross section. The pertinent data for these two reactions are given in Table 1. The equations are based on the Westcott formalism ((2, 3) and Practice E261) and determine a Westcott 2200 m/s neutron fluence rate nv0 and the Westcott epithermal index parameter  . References (4-6) contain a general discussion of the two-reaction test method. In this practice, the absolute activities of both cobalt and silver monitors are determined. This differs from the test method in the references wherein only one absolute activity is determined.  (A) The numbers in parentheses following given values are the uncertainty in the last digit(s) of the value; 0.729 (8) means 0.729 ± 0.008, 70.8(1) means 70.8 ± 0.1.(B) The decay constant, λ, is defined as ln(2) / t1/2 with units of sec–1, where t1/2 is the nuclide half-life in seconds.(C) Calculated using Eq 10.(D) In Fig. 1, Θ = 4ErkT/AΓ2 = 0.2 corresponds to the value for 109Ag for T = 293 K, ∑r = N0σr,max,T=0Kσr,max,T=0K = 31138.03 barn at 5.19 eV (13). The value of σr,max,T=0K = 31138.03 barns is calculated using the Breit-Wigner single-level resonance formula  where the 109Ag atomic mass is A = 108.9047558 amu (14), the ENDF/B-VIII.0 (MAT = 4731) (13) resonance parameters are: resonance total width Γ = 0.1427333 eV, formation neutron width Γn = 0.0127333 eV, and radiative/decay width Γγ = 0.13 eV, with a resonance spin J=1, and the statistical spin factor  where s1 = 1/2 and s2 = 1/2 are the spins of the two particles (neutron and 109Ag ground state (15)) forming resonance.  
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1.1 This practice covers a suitable means of obtaining the thermal neutron fluence rate, or fluence, in nuclear reactor environments where the use of cadmium, as a thermal neutron shield as described in Test Method E262, is undesirable for reasons such as potential spectrum perturbations or due to temperatures above the melting point of cadmium.  
1.2 The reaction 59Co(n,γ )60Co results in a well-defined gamma emitter having a half-life of 5.2711 years2 (8)3 (1).4 The reaction 109Ag(n,γ)110mAg results in a nuclide with a well-known, complex decay scheme with a half-life of 249.78 (2) days (1). Both cobalt and silver are available either in very pure form or alloyed with other metals such as aluminum. A reference source of cobalt in aluminum alloy to serve as a neutron fluence rate monitor wire standard is available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as Standard Reference Material (SRM) 953.5 The competing activities from neutron activation of other isotopes are eliminated, for the most part, by waiting for the short-lived products to die out before counting. With suitable techniques, thermal neutron fluence rate in the range from 108 cm−2·s−1 to 3 × 1015 cm−2·s−1 can be measured. Two calculational practices are described in Section 9 for the determination of neutron fluence rates. The practice described in 9.3 may be used in all cases. This practice describes a means of measuring a Westcott neutron fluence rate in 9.2 (Note 1) by activation of cobalt- and silver-foil monitors (see Terminology E170). For the Wescott Neutron Fluence Convention method to be applicable, the measurement location must be well moderated and be well represented by a Maxwellian low-energy distribution and an (1/E) epithermal distribution. These conditions are usually only met in positions surrounded by hydrogenous moderator without nearby strongly multiplying or absorbing materials.
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ASTM D3648-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice was developed for the purpose of summarizing the various generic radiometric techniques, equipment, and practices that are used for the measurement of radioactivity.
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1.1 These practices cover a review of the accepted counting practices currently used in radiochemical analyses. The practices are divided into four sections:    
Section    
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6 – 11  
Alpha Counting  
12 – 22  
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23 – 33  
Gamma Counting  
34 – 41  
1.2 The general information sections contain information applicable to all types of radioactive measurements, while each of the other sections is specific for a particular type of radiation.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G183-15(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes deployment conditions, maintenance requirements, verification procedures and calibration frequencies for use of pyranometers, pyrheliometers and UV radiometers in outdoor testing environments. This practice also discusses the conditions that dictate the level of accuracy required for instruments of different types.  
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Note 1: An ASTM standard that is similar to ISO 9370 is under development and deals with the instrumental determination of irradiance and radiant exposure in weathering tests.  
1.3 The characterization of radiometers is outside the scope of the activities required of users of radiometers, as contemplated by this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Detector Calibration and Analysis of Radionuclides in Radiation Metrology for Reactor Dosimetry

ABSTRACT
These methods cover general procedures for the calibration of radiation detectors and the analysis of radionuclides. For each individual radionuclide, one or more of these methods may apply. These methods are concerned only with specific radionuclide measurements. The chemical and physical properties of the radionuclides are beyond the scope of this standard. Among the measurement standards discussed are: the calibration and usage of germanium detectors, scintillation detector systems, scintillation detectors for simple and complex spectra, and counting methods such as beta particle counting, aluminum absorption curve, alpha particle counting, and liquid scintillation counting. For each of the methods, the scope, apparatus used, summary of methods, preparation of apparatus, calibration procedure, measurement of radionuclide, performance testing, sources of uncertainty, precautions and tests, and calculations are detailed.
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1.1 This guide covers general procedures for the calibration of radiation detectors and measurement for radiation metrology for reactor dosimetry. For any particular radionuclide, one or more of these methods may apply.  
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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Calibration and Usage of Germanium Detectors in Radiation Metrology for Reactor Dosimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 High-purity germanium detectors are used for precise gamma-ray spectroscopy for the purpose of determining radioactivity in materials. Typical applications include monitoring, mapping, and characterization of neutron energy spectra in nuclear reactors or isotopic fission sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard establishes techniques for calibration, usage, and performance testing of germanium detectors for the measurement of gamma-ray emission rates of radionuclides in radiation metrology for reactor dosimetry. The practice is applicable only to samples of small size, approximating to point sources. It covers the energy and full-energy peak efficiency calibration as well as the determination of gamma-ray energies in the 0.06 MeV to 2 MeV energy region and is designed to yield gamma-ray emission rates with an uncertainty of ±3 % (see Note 1). This technique applies to measurements that do not involve overlapping peaks, and in which peak-to-continuum considerations are not important.
Note 1: Uncertainty U is given at the 68 % confidence level; that is,  where δi are the estimated maximum systematic uncertainties, and σi are the random uncertainties at the 68 % confidence level. Other techniques of error analysis are in use (1, 2).2  
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