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ASTM E284-06a

(Terminology)

Standard Terminology of Appearance

Standard Terminology of Appearance

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs  (1-4)²) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2006
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.01 - Terminology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E284-06 - Standard Terminology of Appearance
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E284-06b - Standard Terminology of Appearance
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4061-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Retroreflectance of Horizontal Coatings
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E131-10(2023) - Standard Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM F3294-18 - Standard Guide for Performing Quantitative Fluorescence Intensity Measurements in Cell-based Assays with Widefield Epifluorescence Microscopy
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E3165-18 - Standard Test Method for Nighttime Retroreflected Chromaticity of Retroreflective Sheeting
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E3125-17 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Point-to-Point Distance Measurement Performance of Spherical Coordinate 3D Imaging Systems in the Medium Range
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5724-16(2021) - Standard Specification for Gouache Paints
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7305-08a(2020) - Standard Test Method for Reflection Density of Printed Matter
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E3040-22 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray Scale
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2867-14(2023) - Standard Practice for Estimating Uncertainty of Test Results Derived from Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2938-15 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Relative-Range Measurement Performance of 3D Imaging Systems in the Medium Range
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2367-05(2019) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Nighttime Chromaticity of Pavement Marking Materials Using a Portable Retroreflection Colorimeter
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6628-16 - Standard Specification for Color of Pavement Marking Materials
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006

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ASTM E284-06a - Standard Terminology of Appearance
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 284 – 06a
Standard Terminology of
1
Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Appearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance in
many arts, industries, and scientific disciplines.Appearance terms are used in a wide range ofASTM
standards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. The
purpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.
Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition reports existing usage,
whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement of
ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard are
taken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership in usage.
Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (see
References),aswellasotherASTMterminologystandards,havebeenconsideredforinclusioninthis
terminology standard.An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precision,
and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement and
specification of appearance.
Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
description of appearance, including but not limited to color, C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both mate- Products
rials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources C 286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and
(including visual display units). Ceramic-Metal Systems
4
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and C460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement
Appearance that this terminology standard include important D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,
terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the and Applications
terms are currently used in anASTM standard. Terms that are D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-
2
(see Refs (1–4) ) are generally not included, except when the ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
dictionariesshowmultipledefinitionsanditseemsdesirableto D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards. D1003 Test Method for Haze and LuminousTransmittance
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies con- of Transparent Plastics
siderably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
fields has been noted. D1245 PracticeforExaminationofWater-FormedDeposits
by Chemical Microscopy
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 on
3
Terminology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 15, 2006. Published August 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E284–06. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the ASTM website.
4
text. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 284 – 06a
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys- 3.2 Inthisterminologystandard,definitionsoftermsusedin
tem otherASTMstandardsareindicatedbyplacingthedesignation
D1695 TerminologyofCelluloseandCelluloseDerivatives of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition.
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (5–7)) are
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec- indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the
tometry definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with
E131 Te
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.  
5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
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1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),2 the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.  
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Standard Terminology of Appearance

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3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.  
3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.  
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SCOPE
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1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
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5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.  
5.2 The use of this test method will fall in one of two categories: (1) the test(s) will follow all particulars of the standard, and the results will have been compared to the ILS data (Table 2), or (2) the test(s) will have followed the procedures/methodology of Test Method G99 but applied to other materials or using other parameters such as load, speed, materials, etc., or both. In this latter case, the results cannot be compared to the ILS data (Table 2). Further, it must be clearly stated what choices of test parameters/materials were chosen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials and friction during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described.  
1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in that “The directions for performing the test should include all of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “followed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true.  
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This specification covers infrared thermometers, which are electronic instruments intended for the intermittent measurement and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor. The specification addresses the assessment of the subject's internal body temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Though, performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided. Limits are set for laboratory accuracy, and determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments are required. Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are all established herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electronic instruments intended for intermittent measuring and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The specification addresses assessing subject’s body internal temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided.  
1.3 The specification sets limits for laboratory accuracy and requires determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments.  
1.4 Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are established.
Note 1: For electrical safety, consult Underwriters Laboratory Standards.2
Note 2: For electromagnetic emission requirements and tests, refer to CISPR 11: 1990 Lists of Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Disturbance Characteristics of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radiofrequency Equipment.3  
1.5 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Terminology of Appearance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
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3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.  
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1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).  
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1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes three operational steps necessary to ensure accurate coating thickness measurement: calibration, verification and adjustment of coating thickness measuring gages, as well as proper methods for obtaining coating thickness measurements on both ferrous and non-ferrous metal substrates.  
4.2 Many specifications for commercial and industrial coatings projects stipulate a minimum and a maximum dry film thickness for each layer in a coating system. Additionally, most manufacturers of high performance coatings will warranty coating systems based upon, in part, achieving the proper thickness of each layer and the total coating system. Even if a project specification is not provided, the coating manufacturer’s recommendations published on product data sheets can become the governing document(s). Equipment manufacturers produce nondestructive coating thickness testing gages that are used to measure the cumulative or individual thickness of the coating layers, after they are dry. The manufacturers provide information for the adjustment and use of these gages, normally in the form of operating instructions. The user of this equipment must be knowledgeable in the proper operation of these devices, including methods for verifying the accuracy of the equipment prior to, during and after use as well as measurement procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the use of magnetic and eddy current gages for dry film thickness measurement. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting the equipment and lists the reporting recommendations.  
1.2 These procedures are not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformed under the load of the measuring gages/probes, as the gage probe must be placed directly on the coating surface to obtain a reading. Provisions for measuring on soft or tacky coatings are described in 5.7.  
1.3 Coating thickness can be measured using a variety of gages. These gages are categorized as “magnetic pull-off” and “electronic.” They use a sensing probe or magnet to measure the gap (distance) between the base metal and the probe. This measured distance is displayed as coating thickness by the gages.  
1.4 Coating thickness can vary widely across a surface. As a result, obtaining single-point measurements may not accurately represent the actual coating system thickness. SSPC-PA 2 prescribes a frequency of coating thickness measurement based on the size of the area coated. A frequency of measurement for coated steel beams (girders) and coated test panels is also provided in the appendices to SSPC-PA 2. The governing specification is responsible for providing the user with the minimum and the maximum coating thickness for each layer, and for the total coating system.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off