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ASTM D4356-84(2002)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)

Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In any test method, every direction to measure a property of a material should be accompanied by a measurement tolerance. Likewise, determination and test result tolerances should be specified. This practice provides a method for evaluating the consistency of the test method tolerances specified.
This practice should be used both in the development of new test methods and in evaluating old test methods which are being revised.
The test result tolerance obtained using this practice is not a substitute for a precision statement based on interlaboratory testing. However, the measurement tolerances selected by means of this practice will be an important part of the test method conditions affecting the precision of the test method. MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS   Top
SCOPE
1.1 This practice should be used in the development of any test method in which the determination value is calculated from measurement values by means of an equation. The practice is not applicable to such determination values as those calculated from counts of nonconformities, ratios of successes to failures, gradings, or ratings.
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide guidance in the specifying of realistic and consistent tolerances for making measurements and for reporting the results of testing.
1.3 This practice can be used as a guide for obtaining the minimum test result tolerance that should be specified with a particular set of specified measurement tolerances, the maximum permissible measurement tolerances which should be specified to achieve a specified test result tolerance, and more consistent specified measurement tolerances.
1.4 These measurement and test result tolerances are not statistically determined tolerances that are obtained by using the test method but are the tolerances specified in the test method.
1.5 In the process of selecting test method tolerances, the task group developing or revising a test method must evaluate not only the consistency of the selected tolerances but also the technical and economical feasibility of the measurement tolerances and the suitability of the test result tolerance for the purposes for which the test method will be used. This practice provides guidance only for establishing the consistency of the test method tolerances.
1.6 This practice is presented in the following sections:NumberScope 1Referenced Documents2TERMINOLOGYDefinitions3Discussion of Terms4Expressing Test Method Tolerances5Tolerance Symbols6SUMMARY AND USESSummary of Practice 7 Uses and Significance8MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPSPropagation Equations9Tolerance Terms10Determination Tolerances11Consistency Criteria12APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLESProcedure 13 Mass per Unit Area Example14ANNEXESGeneral Propagation Equation Annex A1 Specific Propagation EquationsAnnex A2
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice is being withdrawn because the scope of the standard, precision of recording measurements, is partly covered in E29. Propagation of errors methodology presented in the standard is also available from other sources.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics, this practice was withdrawn in October 2007.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
29-Mar-1984
Withdrawal Date
30-Sep-2007
ICS
59.080.01 - Textiles in general
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.20 - Test Method Evaluation and Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4356-84(1996) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances
Effective Date
30-Mar-1984

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ASTM D4356-84(2002) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)ASTM D4356-84(2002) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)
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ASTM D4356-84(2002) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D4356–84(Reapproved2002)
Standard Practice for
1
Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Propagation Equations 9
Tolerance Terms 10
1.1 This practice should be used in the development of any
Determination Tolerances 11
testmethodinwhichthedeterminationvalueiscalculatedfrom
Consistency Criteria 12
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES
measurement values by means of an equation. The practice is
Procedure 13
not applicable to such determination values as those calculated
Mass per Unit Area Example 14
from counts of nonconformities, ratios of successes to failures,
ANNEXES
General Propagation Equation Annex A1
gradings, or ratings.
Specific Propagation Equations Annex A2
1.2 Thepurposeofthispracticeistoprovideguidanceinthe
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specifying of realistic and consistent tolerances for making
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
measurements and for reporting the results of testing.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 This practice can be used as a guide for obtaining the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
minimum test result tolerance that should be specified with a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
particular set of specified measurement tolerances, the maxi-
mum permissible measurement tolerances which should be
2. Referenced Documents
specified to achieve a specified test result tolerance, and more
2.1 ASTM Standards:
consistent specified measurement tolerances.
2
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.4 These measurement and test result tolerances are not
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens
statistically determined tolerances that are obtained by using
2
for Textiles
the test method but are the tolerances specified in the test
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
method.
3
Determine Conformance with Specifications
1.5 In the process of selecting test method tolerances, the
3
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
task group developing or revising a test method must evaluate
not only the consistency of the selected tolerances but also the
3. Terminology
technical and economical feasibility of the measurement toler-
3.1 Definitions:
ances and the suitability of the test result tolerance for the
3.1.1 determination process, n—the act of carrying out the
purposes for which the test method will be used. This practice
series of operations specified in the test method whereby a
provides guidance only for establishing the consistency of the
single value is obtained. (Syn. determination. See Section 4.)
test method tolerances.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—A determination process may involve
1.6 This practice is presented in the following sections:
several measurements of the same type or different types, as
Number well as an equation by which the determination value is
Scope 1
calculated from the measurement values observed.
Referenced Documents 2
3.1.2 determination tolerance, n—as specified in a test
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions 3 method, the exactness with which a determination value is to
Discussion of Terms 4
be calculated and recorded.
Expressing Test Method Tolerances 5
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this practice, the determination tol-
Tolerance Symbols 6
SUMMARYAND USES erance also serves as the bridge between the test result
Summary of Practice 7
tolerance and the measurement tolerances. The value of the
Uses and Significance 8
determinationtolerancecalculatedfromthespecifiedtestresult
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS
tolerance is compared with the value calculated from the
specified measurement tolerances.
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE11onQualityand
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method
2
Evaluation and Quality Control. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
3
Current edition approved March 30, 1984. Published August 1984. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4356–84 (2002)
3.1.3 determination value, n—thenumericalquantitycalcu- lengthandmass.Twodifferentlengthmeasurementsaremade,
lated by means of the test method equation from the measure- the length and the width of the specimen. One determination
ment values obtained as directed in a test method. (Syn
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is the procedure of choice for determining volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset inks. This information is useful to the ink manufacturer and user and to environmental interests as part of the determination of the mass of volatile organic compounds emitted from the ink.
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determination of the weight percent volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset printing inks. Test specimens are heated at 110 °C ± 1 °C for 60 min.
Note 1: Coldset web offset printing is often (also) referred to as non-heatset web offset printing.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D123-23(Terminology)
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1.3 While the review for clarity and form are the responsibility of the terminology subcommittee, the concept of managing terminology is the broad responsibility of every writer of standards, specifically the task group leader and subcommittee chairman.  
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1.4.3 Annex A2 Industry Accepted Synonyms.  
1.4.4 Annex A3 Terminology Taken From D13 Standards That Have Been Withdrawn.  
1.4.5 Annex A4 Terminology Relating to Leather.  
1.4.6 Annex A5 Terminology Revision Procedures.  
1.4.7 Appendix X1 Other Sources of Textile Terminology.  
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4.1 Antimicrobial agents are routinely used for treating textile materials for the reduction of biodeterioration and bacterial odor generation. Furthermore, textiles are treated to prevent or limit microbial cross-contamination in healthcare settings.  
4.2 Antimicrobial agents used in textiles will vary with regard to their broad-spectrum effectiveness, biostatic/biocidal properties, and binding properties in or on particular substrates. When selecting antibacterial test methods as the sole means to predict end use behavior it is critical to understand the intended end use conditions of the treated articles.  
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5.1 Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, usable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures.  
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1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the unconfined yield strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.  
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1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.  
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1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 180 ± 2 °C (355 ± 4 °F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.  
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered Through Glass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Since solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and the amount and kind of atmospheric contaminants vary continuously, results from exposures based on elapsed time will sometimes differ. The variations in the results will usually be reduced by timing the exposures in terms of:  
4.1.1 One or more environmental parameters such as solar radiant exposure, or  
4.1.2 A predefined property change of a weathering reference specimen with known performance.  
4.2 Variations in temperature, moisture, and atmospheric contaminants can have a significant effect on the degradation caused by solar radiation. In addition, exposures conducted at different times of the year can cause large differences in the rate of degradation. Different materials generally have different sensitivities to heat, moisture, and atmospheric contaminants, and this could explain differences in rankings of specimens exposed to equivalent solar radiant exposure when other environmental conditions vary.  
4.3 Since the method of mounting has an influence on the temperature and other parameters during exposure of the specimen, there shall be agreement between contractual parties as to the method of mounting the specimen for the particular exposure test under consideration.  
4.4 There are differences among various single strength window glasses in their transmittance in the 300 to 350 nm region. For example, at 320 nm, the percent transmittance for seven different lots of single strength window glass ranged from 8.4 to 26.8 %. At 380 nm, the percent transmittance ranged from 84.9 % to 88.1 %.5  
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1.1.1 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.2 For direct exposures, refer to Practice G7.  
1.3 This practice is limited to the method of conducting the exposures. The preparation of test specimens and evaluation of results are covered in various standards for the specific materials.  
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1.4.2 Type B—Enclosed cabinet with exterior painted black that does not provide for ventilation of specimens exposed behind glass. Exposures conducted using a Type B cabinet are typically referred to as “black box under glass exposures.”  
1.5 Type A exposures of this practice are technically similar to Method B of ISO 877-2.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Silver in Textiles by ICP-OES or ICP-MS Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Silver may be used to treat consumer textile products to provide enhanced antimicrobial (fungi, bacteria, viruses) properties (3, 4). At any point in a textile product’s lifecycle, there may be a need to measure the amount of silver present. This standard prescribes a test method based on ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis that manufacturers, producers, analysts, policymakers, regulators, and others may use for measurement of total silver in textiles. As described in Guide E3025, determination of total silver in a consumer textile product is one component of a tiered approach to determine if silver is present, possibly as nanomaterial(s) (one or more external dimensions in the nanoscale), prior to measuring the form and dimension of the Ag that is found. ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis alone is not sufficient to determine whether a textile contains silver nanomaterial(s).
Note 4: There are many different chemical and physical forms of silver that are used to treat textiles and an overview of this topic is provided in Guide E3025.  
5.2 As described in Guide E3025, the amount of silver in a textile can decrease over time as silver metal and silver compounds can react with oxygen and other oxidation-reduction (redox) active agents present in the environment to form soluble ionic species which are released by contact with moisture (for example, from ambient humidity, washing, body sweat, rain, or other sources). Hence, if silver is measured in a textile, the result may only be indicative of that moment in the article’s life cycle and great care is necessary in drawing temporal inferences from the results.  
5.3 If silver is measured by ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis, additional analyses are needed to elucidate the form of silver in the textile specimen. This step is necessary because ICP-OES or ICP-MS results are for total silver independent of chemical and physical form and textiles may be treated with silver in sizes that range from the nanoscale (for example, salt nanopartic...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses for determination of the mass fraction of total silver in consumer textile products made of any combination of natural or manufactured fibers. Either ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis is recommended as a first step to test for and quantify silver in a textile and results can be used to inform subsequent, more detailed analyses as part of the tiered approach described in Guide E3025 to determine if a textile contains silver nanomaterial(s).  
1.2 This test method prescribes acid digestion to prepare test sample solutions from samples of textiles utilizing an appropriate internal standard followed by external calibration and analysis with either ICP-OES or ICP-MS to quantify total silver.  
1.3 This test method is believed to provide quantitative results for textiles made of fibers of rayon, cotton, polyester, and lycra that contain metallic silver (see Section 17). It is the analyst’s responsibility to establish the efficacy (ability to achieve the planned and desired analytical result) of this test method for other textile matrices and forms of silver.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiz...

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ASTM
ASTM E3171-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Silver in Textiles by ICP-OES or ICP-MS Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Silver may be used to treat consumer textile products to provide enhanced antimicrobial (fungi, bacteria, viruses) properties (3, 4). At any point in a textile product’s lifecycle, there may be a need to measure the amount of silver present. This standard prescribes a test method based on ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis that manufacturers, producers, analysts, policymakers, regulators, and others may use for measurement of total silver in textiles. As described in Guide E3025, determination of total silver in a consumer textile product is one component of a tiered approach to determine if silver is present, possibly as nanomaterial(s) (one or more external dimensions in the nanoscale), prior to measuring the form and dimension of the Ag that is found. ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis alone is not sufficient to determine whether a textile contains silver nanomaterial(s).
Note 4: There are many different chemical and physical forms of silver that are used to treat textiles and an overview of this topic is provided in Guide E3025.  
5.2 As described in Guide E3025, the amount of silver in a textile can decrease over time as silver metal and silver compounds can react with oxygen and other oxidation-reduction (redox) active agents present in the environment to form soluble ionic species which are released by contact with moisture (for example, from ambient humidity, washing, body sweat, rain, or other sources). Hence, if silver is measured in a textile, the result may only be indicative of that moment in the article’s life cycle and great care is necessary in drawing temporal inferences from the results.  
5.3 If silver is measured by ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis, additional analyses are needed to elucidate the form of silver in the textile specimen. This step is necessary because ICP-OES or ICP-MS results are for total silver independent of chemical and physical form and textiles may be treated with silver in sizes that range from the nanoscale (for example, salt nanopartic...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses for determination of the mass fraction of total silver in consumer textile products made of any combination of natural or manufactured fibers. Either ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis is recommended as a first step to test for and quantify silver in a textile and results can be used to inform subsequent, more detailed analyses as part of the tiered approach described in Guide E3025 to determine if a textile contains silver nanomaterial(s).  
1.2 This test method prescribes acid digestion to prepare test sample solutions from samples of textiles utilizing an appropriate internal standard followed by external calibration and analysis with either ICP-OES or ICP-MS to quantify total silver.  
1.3 This test method is believed to provide quantitative results for textiles made of fibers of rayon, cotton, polyester, and lycra that contain metallic silver (see Section 17). It is the analyst’s responsibility to establish the efficacy (ability to achieve the planned and desired analytical result) of this test method for other textile matrices and forms of silver.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiz...

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ASTM
ASTM D7785-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Water in Lint Cotton by Oven Evaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water content of raw or lint cotton determined by this practice, calculated from the required volume of reagent, may be greater, equal to or less than the moisture content measured by standard oven drying methods. These differences may be of significance in commercial transactions (1-3)4 (see also Appendix X2). Water content by this method is not to be considered the same attribute as moisture content.  
5.2 Standard test methods using volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer reagent are two of the most widely used procedures for the determination of water.  
5.3 The volumetric method is typically used for the routine determination of water in the mass percent range of concentrations. If samples contain very low levels of water, the coulometric technique should be considered (see Test Methods D1533, E1064).  
5.4 This practice for testing the water content of cotton can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of lint cotton, manufacturing control and calibration of fast, indirect sensors to measure water.  
5.5 Information on the water content of cotton is desirable since the physical properties of cotton are significantly affected by its water content. Variations in the amount of water present, or its regain, affect the mass and hence the market value of a lot of material.  
5.6 The observed volume of Karl Fischer reagent used in this practice to analyze a specimen represents the water in the absence of side reactions in an oven supplied with air (3).
Note 2: Side reactions in cotton that confound the actual weight loss due to water have been demonstrated in two laboratory ovens and a thermogravimetric analysis oven supplied with air (3). This results in an approximation regarding the actual amount of water in cotton based on mass loss by drying. If the moisture content by oven drying agrees with the water content measured by Karl Fischer titration, the one-to-one correspondence may be coincidental due to the presence of both negative a...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the total amount of water (free and bound) in raw and lint cotton at moisture equilibrium from conditioning in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Note 1: For other methods of determination of moisture in lint cotton that do not specify conditioning to moisture equilibrium, refer to Test Methods D2495 and D1348.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of oven evaporation to remove all of the water in the fiber matrix, volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration to determine water content and water regain, and control current potentiometry to detect the end point.  
1.3 This practice is not intended for use with potentiometric (zero current) and coulometric Karl Fischer titrators (see Test Methods D1533, D4377 and E1064), nor is this practice intended to be used with methanol extracts of cotton (See Test Methods D1348).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary warnings see 9.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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