ASTM E1647-16

Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The contrast sensitivity gauge measures contrast sensitivity independent of the imaging system spatial resolution limitations. The thickness recess dimensions of the contrast sensitivity gauge are large with respect to the unsharpness limitations of most imaging systems. Four levels of contrast sensitivity are measured: 4 %, 3 %, 2 %, and 1 %.  
5.2 The contrast sensitivity gauge is intended for use in conjunction with a high-contrast resolution measuring gauge, such as Practice E2002, ISO 19232 – 5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator7, or a line-pair gauge. Such gauges measure system unsharpness essentially independent of the imaging system's contrast sensitivity. Such measurements are appropriate for the qualification and performance monitoring of radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems with film, realtime devices, Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Detector Arrays (DDA).  
5.3 Radioscopic/radiographic system performance may be specified by combining the measured contrast sensitivity expressed as a percentage with the unsharpness expressed in millimetres of unsharpness. For the duplex wire image quality indicator, the unsharpness is equal to twice the wire diameter. For the line pair gauge, the unsharpness is equal to the reciprocal of the line-pair/mm value. As an example, an imaging system that exhibits 2 % contrast sensitivity and images the 0.1 mm paired wires of the duplex wire IQI (equivalent to imaging 5 line-pairs/millimeter resolution on a line-pair gauge) performs at a 2 %–0.2 mm sensitivity level. A standard method of evaluating overall radioscopic system performance is given in Practice E1411 and in EN 13068–1. A conversion table from duplex wire read out to lp/mm can be found in Practice E2002. For CR system performance evaluation, this contrast sensitivity gauge is used in Practice E2445.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and material selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the minimum change in material thickness or density that may be imaged without regard to unsharpness limitations.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radiographic imaging systems (film, radioscopy, computed radiography, and digital detector array image detectors) utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2016
• ICS: 11.040.50 - Radiographic equipment
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1647 − 16
Standard Practice for
1
Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Chromium-TungstenAlloy (UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and
Wire
1.1 Thispracticecoversthedesignandmaterialselectionof
E747PracticeforDesign,ManufactureandMaterialGroup-
a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
minimum change in material thickness or density that may be
Used for Radiology
imaged without regard to unsharpness limitations.
E1025Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radio-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
graphic imaging systems (film, radioscopy, computed
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
radiography, and digital detector array image detectors) utiliz-
E1255Practice for Radioscopy
ing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
E1411Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
as standard.The SI units given in parentheses are for informa-
E1734Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
tion only.
E1742Practice for Radiographic Examination
E2002Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
copy
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2445Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Stability of Computed Radiography Systems
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
3
statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of
2.2 Federal Standards:
Federal Regulations 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.
21CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements for Cabinet X-ray
Systems
2. Referenced Documents
29CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2.3 NIST/ANSI Standards:
B139/B139MSpecification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar,
NIST/ANSI Handbook 114General Safety Standard for
and Shapes
Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed
B150/B150MSpecification forAluminum Bronze Rod, Bar,
4
Gamma Ray Sources, Energies to 10 MeV
and Shapes
5
2.4 ISO Standard:
B161Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
ISO 19232–5Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator
B164Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and
Wire
2.5 Other Standards:
B166Specification for Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloys (UNS
EN 462 – 5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator
6
N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025,
(withdrawn, replaced by ISO 19232–5)
N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-
EN13068–1Radioscopic Testing-Part 1: Qualitative Mea-
6
Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron-
surement of Imaging Properties
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
3
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2016.PublishedJuly2016.Originallyapproved www.access.gpo.gov.
4
in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1647–09. DOI: 10.1520/ AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
E1647-16. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
2 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1647 − 16
3. Terminology found in Practice E2002. For CR system performance
evaluation, this contrast sensitivity gauge is used in Practice
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this test
E2445.
method may be found in Terminology E1316.
6. Contrast Sensitivity Gauge Construction and Material
4. Summary of Practice
Selection
4.1 It is
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1647 − 09 E1647 − 16
Standard Practice for
1
Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the design and material selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the
minimum change in material thickness or density that may be imaged without regard to spatial resolution unsharpness limitations.
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems imaging systems (film,
radioscopy, computed radiography, and digital detector array image detectors) utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regulations 21
CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B150/B150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, N06045,
and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Tungsten Alloy
(UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and Wire
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
E1734 Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
E2445 Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiography Systems
3
2.2 Federal Standards:
21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements for Cabinet X-ray Systems
29 CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009June 1, 2016. Published August 2009July 2016. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
E1647 – 03.E1647 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/E1647-09.10.1520/E1647-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1647 − 16
2.3 NIST/ANSI Standards:
NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma Ray
4
Sources, Energies to 10 MeV
5
2.4 ISO Standard:
ISO 19232–5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator
2.5 Other Standard:Standards:
6
EN 462 – 5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator (withdrawn, replaced by ISO 19232–5)
6
EN 13068–1 Radioscopic Testing-Part 1: Qualitative Measurement of Imaging Properties
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this test method may be found in Terminology E1316.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 It is often useful to evaluate the contrast sens
...