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ASTM E1211-97

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for noncontact sensors see Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous inservice monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak. This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1996
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Replaced By
ASTM E1211-02 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
10-Jul-2002

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ASTM E1211-97 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission SensorsASTM E1211-97 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
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ASTM E1211-97 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
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Designation: E 1211 – 97
Standard Practice for
Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted
1
Acoustic Emission Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
4
1. Scope tion and Certification
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting
3. Summary of Practice
and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking
3.1 This practice requires the use of contact sensors, ampli-
out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-
fier electronics, and equipment to measure their output signal
mounted acoustic emission sensors (for noncontact sensors see
levels. The sensors may be mounted before or during the test
Test Method E 1002), or sensors attached to the system via
period and are normally left in place once mounted rather than
acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminol-
being moved from point to point.
ogy E 1316), and may be used for continuous inservice
3.2 Detection of a steady-state leak is based on detection of
monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure
the continuous, broadband signal generated by the leak flow.
vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although
Signal detection is accomplished through measurement of
the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background
some input signal level, such as its root-mean-square (RMS)
noise level, system pressure, and type of leak. This practice is
amplitude.
not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
3.3 The simplest leak test procedure involves only detection
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
of leaks, treating each sensor channel individually. A more
as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
complex test requires processing the signal levels from two or
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
more sensors together to allow computation of the approximate
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
leak location, based on the principle that the leak signal
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
amplitude decreases as a function of distance from the source.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system,
2. Referenced Documents
whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates
E 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
2
acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system
Sensors
pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the
E 750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
2
pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a
mentation
suitable acoustic emission sensor.
E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-
2 4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity
tic Emission Sensor Response
2 to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background
E 1002 Test Method for Leaks Using Ultrasonics
2 noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the
2.2 Other Documents:
structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
3 leakage.
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
5. Basis of Application
3
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
5.1 Personnel Qualification—Nondestructive testing (NDT)
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally
recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard
1
such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL STD-410, or
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
a similar document. The practice or standard used and its
Acoustic Emission Method.
Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published February 1998.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
3 4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Building 4 Section D,
Plaza, PO Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518. 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5904, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
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1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
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