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ASTM D7100-11(2020)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions

Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to measure one-dimensional flow of aqueous solutions (for example, landfill leachates, liquid wastes and byproducts, single and mixed chemicals, etc., from hereon referred to as the permeant liquid) through initially saturated soils under an applied hydraulic gradient and effective stress. Interactions between some permeant liquids and some clayey soils have resulted in significant increases in the hydraulic conductivity of the soils relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils permeated with water (1).4 This test method is used to evaluate the presence and effect of potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the permeant liquid on the hydraulic conductivity of the soil specimen. Test programs may include comparisons between the hydraulic conductivity of soils permeated with water relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils permeated with aqueous solutions to determine variations in the hydraulic conductivity of the soils due to the aqueous solutions.  
4.2 Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity testing is used to determine flow characteristics of aqueous solutions through soils. Hydraulic conductivity testing using flexible-wall cells is usually preferred over rigid-wall cells for testing with aqueous solutions due to the potential for sidewall leakage problems with rigid-wall cells. Excessive sidewall leakage may occur, for example, when a test soil shrinks during permeation with the permeant liquid due to interactions between the soil and the permeant liquid in a rigid-wall cell. In addition, the use of a rigid-wall cell does not allow for control of the effective stresses that exist in the test specimen.  
4.3 Darcy’s law describes laminar flow through a test soil. Laminar flow conditions and, therefore, Darcy’s law may not be valid under certain test conditions. For example, interactions between a permeating liquid and a soil may cause severe channeling/cracking of the soil such tha...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compatibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example, waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect to the measured hydraulic conductivity.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic conductivities less than approximately 1 × 10–8 m/s.  
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic permeability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.  
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types, including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc. specimens.  
1.5 A specimen may be saturated and permeated using three methods. Method 1 is for saturation with water and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent permeation with aqueous solution.  
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to a hydraulic gradient generated across the specimen is measured with respect to time. The amount and properties of influent and effluent liquids are monitored during the test.  
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is determined using procedures similar to determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used, including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant rate-of-flow test procedures.  
1.8 Units—The values stat...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Feb-2020
ICS
13.080.40 - Hydrological properties of soils
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.04 - Hydrologic Properties and Hydraulic Barriers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4767-11(2020) - Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Referred By
ASTM D6766-20a - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Potentially Incompatible Aqueous Solutions
Effective Date
15-Feb-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7243-11(2020) - Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
Effective Date
15-Feb-2020

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ASTM D7100-11(2020) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous SolutionsASTM D7100-11(2020) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
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ASTM D7100-11(2020) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7100 − 11 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with
1
Aqueous Solutions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant
rate-of-flow test procedures.
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compat-
ibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous 1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example,
waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A information only and are not considered standard.
1.8.1 Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been ex-
hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic
and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential pressed in cm/s in the U.S., even though the official SI unit for
hydraulic conductivity is m/s.
interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and
the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect 1.8.2 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic
is slugs.
–8
conductivities less than approximately1×10 m/s.
1.8.3 The slug unit of mass is almost never used in
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic perme-
commercial practice; i.e., density, balances, etc. Therefore, the
ability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity
standard unit for mass in this standard is either kilogram (kg)
of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit
(slug) is not given/presented in parentheses. However, the use
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types,
of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or
including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted,
3
recording density in lbm/ft shall not be regarded as noncon-
etc. specimens.
formance with this standard.
1.5 Aspecimenmaybesaturatedandpermeatedusingthree
1.9 ThisstandardcontainsaHazardssectionrelatedtousing
methods.Method1isforsaturationwithwaterandpermeation
hazardous liquids (Section 7).
with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and perme-
ation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent perme-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ation with aqueous solution.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ahydraulicgradientgeneratedacrossthespecimenismeasured
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
withrespecttotime.Theamountandpropertiesofinfluentand
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
determined using procedures similar to determination of hy-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
draulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used,
including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
2
Properties and Hydraulic Barriers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2020. Published March 2020. Orginally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7100–11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520
...

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5.1 The soil permittivity probe is used for the following purposes:  
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Standard Test Method for Water Mass per Unit Volume of Soil and Rock In-Place by the Neutron Depth Probe Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Within the text of this standard, SI units appear first followed by the inch-pound (or other non-SI) units in brackets.  
1.3.1 Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless steel, and related alloy products for the evaluation of conformance of such products to a material specification under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract.  
4.1.1 These test methods may be and are used by other ASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for the purpose of conformance testing.  
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4.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties can occur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the original as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not limited to: subsequent service degradation from environmental exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select alloys, further processing not included in the specification, sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of mechanical testin...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods2 cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.  
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Sections  
Tension  
7 to 14  
Bend  
15  
Hardness  
16  
Brinell  
17  
Rockwell  
18  
Portable  
19  
Impact  
20 to 30  
Keywords  
32  
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Annex  
Bar Products  
Annex A1  
Tubular Products  
Annex A2  
Fasteners  
Annex A3  
Round Wire Products  
Annex A4  
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing  
Annex A5  
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to
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Annex A6    
Testing Multi-Wire Strand  
Annex A7  
Rounding of Test Data  
Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation  
Annex A10  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 in. or 8 in. may be report...

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ASTM
ASTM F3565-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Pressure Pipe Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the procedures and apparatus in Sections 8 and 9 and the manufacturer's instructions, pressure-tight joints as strong as the pipe itself can be made between manufacturer-recommended combinations of pipe and fittings. See Specification F1055 for performance requirements of polyethylene electrofusion fittings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for making joints suitable for pressure service with polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings by means of electrofusion joining techniques in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable electrofusion joining procedures are available from various sources including fitting manufacturers. This standard does not purport to address all possible electrofusion joining procedures, or to preclude the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable electrofusion joints. (Note 1)
Note 1: Reference to the manufacturer in this practice refers to the electrofusion fitting manufacturer.  
1.2 The parameters and procedure are applicable only to joining polyethylene pipe and fittings (Note 2) which are intended for PE fuel gas pipe per Specification D2513 and PE potable water, sewer and industrial pipe manufactured per Specification F714, Specification D3035, Specification F2619, and AWWA C901 and C906.
Note 2: Commercially available materials classified with a thermoplastic pipe material designation code beginning with PE 14, PE 23, PE 24, PE 27, PE 33, PE 34, PE 36, and PE 46, and PE 47 in accordance with Specification D3350 and Terminology F412 are generally acceptable for electrofusion joining using this practice. Consult with the pipe or fitting manufacturer for specific compatibility information.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyethylene pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendices which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5141-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, or a silt curtain, for specific soil tested.  
5.2 This test method may be used for the design of the filtration component of a sediment retention device to meet requirements of regulatory agencies in filtering efficiency or flow rate for the specific soil tested.  
5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine the spacing between sediment retention devices.  
5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation, as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unless testing with the default soil is desired, it is recommended that the user or representative perform the test to pre-approve products, as sediment retention device manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating the filtration component of sediment retention devices with different soils under various conditions that simulate the conditions that exist in a sediment retention device installation. This test method may be used to simulate several storm events on the same sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, the number of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependent upon the user and the site conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, or inlet protector.  
1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filtering efficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute (m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min) for flow rate.  
1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water.  
1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of the sediment-laden water through the filtration component of a sediment retention device.  
1.2 This test method requires several specialized pieces of equipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an analytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the client’s discretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil that is representative of a target default gradation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while the inch-pound units are provided for information. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2647-07(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Approved Methods of Installing a CVS (Central Vacuum System)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The suggestions of this guide are intended to provide proper installation materials and practices to be used during the installation of a central-vacuum system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide demonstrates proper methods for installing a central-vacuum system.  
1.2 Appendix X1 contains additional sources of information that may be helpful to the user of this guide.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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