ASTM A677-16(2023)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel intended primarily for commercial power frequency applications in magnetic devices. These electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys that may be made by basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or other steelmaking practice. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are developed during mill processing, so additional heat treatment is usually not required. The grades contained in this specification have thicknesses of 0.014 in. (0. 36 mm), 0.0185 in. (0.47 mm) and 0.0250 in. (0.64 mm). For a given thickness there are from 7 to 9 types based on the maximum value of core loss measured at 60 Hz and 15 kG (1.5 T) using the Epstein test method. Test methods to determine the required magnetic and mechanical properties are specified. Other typical magnetic and physical properties are listed for reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel shall conform.
1.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power frequency (50 Hz and 60 Hz) applications in magnetic devices. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are developed during mill processing, so additional heat treatment by the user is usually not necessary.
1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys containing up to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount of aluminum.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A677 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A677; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-
netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using
1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to
Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Ep-
which flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel
stein Test Frame
shall conform.
A664 Practice for Identification of Standard Electrical Steel
1.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss
Grades in ASTM Specifications
values and is intended primarily for commercial power fre-
A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods
quency (50 Hz and 60 Hz) applications in magnetic devices.
for Steel Products for Shipment
Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are devel-
A717/A717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resistivity
oped during mill processing, so additional heat treatment by
of Single-Strip Specimens
the user is usually not necessary.
A719/A719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Mag-
netic Materials
1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels are
low-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys con- A720/A720M Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented
Electrical Steel
taining up to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount of
aluminum. A937/A937M Test Method for Determining Interlaminar
Resistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two Adjacent
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Test Surfaces
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
A971/A971M Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper and
conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units
Crown of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel Coils
which are provided for information only and are not considered
A976 Classification of Insulating Coatings for Electrical
standard.
Steels by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability and
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Application
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
terials
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
2. Referenced Documents
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
2.1 ASTM Standards: rials
A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing
3. Terminology
of Magnetic Materials
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
3.1 Definitions—The terms and symbols used in this speci-
Magnetic Testing
fication are defined in Terminology A340.
4. Classification
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on 4.1 The nonoriented electrical steel types described by this
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 on
specification are as shown in Table 1.
Material Specifications.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
5. Ordering Information
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as A677 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/A0677-16R23.
5.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
as much of the following information as necessary to describe
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the desired material adequately:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 5.1.1 ASTM specification number;
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A677 − 16 (2023)
A B C
TABLE 1 Core-Loss Types and Maximum Core Losses at a Magnetic Flux Density of 1.5 T (15 kG) and 60 Hz
D
for As-Sheared Epstein Specimens
0.36 mm (0.0140 in.) Thickness 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) Thickness 0.64 mm (0.0250 in.) Thickness
Maximum Core Loss, Maximum Core Loss, Maximum Core Loss,
Core-Loss Type Core-Loss Type Core-Loss Type
W/kg (W/lb) W/kg (W/lb) W/kg (W/lb)
36F145 3.20 (1.45) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36F155 3.42 (1.55) 47F165 3.64 (1.65) 64F200 4.41 (2.00)
36F165 3.64 (1.65) 47F180 3.97 (1.80) 64F210 4.63 (2.10)
36F175 3.86 (1.75) 47F190 4.19 (1.90) 64F225 4.96 (2.25)
36F185 4.08 (1.85) 47F200 4.41 (2.00) 64F235 5.18 (2.35)
36F195 4.30 (1.95) 47F210 4.63 (2.10) 64F250 5.51 (2.50)
36F205 4.52 (2.05) 47F240 5.29 (2.40) 64F275 6.06 (2.75)
. . . . . . . . . 47F280 6.17 (2.80) 64F320 7.05 (3.20)
. . . . . . . . . 47F400 8.82 (4.00) 64F500 11.02 (5.00)
. . . . . . . . . 47F450 9.92 (4.50) 64F550 12.13 (5.50)
A
See Practice A664.
B
The test density shall be the correct ASTM assumed density (in accordance with 14.2) for the chemistry used by the producer to meet the property requirements of the
specification.
C
Maximum core losses at a magnetic flux density of 1.5 T (15 kG) and 50 Hz are 0.79 times maximum core losses at 60 Hz.
D
One half of strips cut parallel to the steel rolling direction, one half of strips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling direction.
5.1.2 Core-loss type number; 6.1.4 The producer is not required to report chemical
5.1.3 Surface coating type; composition of each lot except when a clear need for such
5.1.4 Thickness, width, and length (if in cut lengths instead information has been shown. In such cases, the analyses to be
of coils); reported shall be negotiated between the producer and the user.
5.1.5 Total weight of ordered item;
6.2 Typical Rolling and Annealing—The processing se-
5.1.6 Limitations in coil size or lift weights;
quence for fully processed, nonoriented electrical steel com-
5.1.7 End Use—The user shall disclose as much pertinent
prises hot-rolling, annealing, pickling, cold-rolling, and decar-
information as possible about the intended application to
burizing annealing.
enable the producer to provide material characteristics most
6.3 When changes in the manufacture of the material are
suitable for specific fabricating practices; and
believed to exert possible significant effects upon the user’s
5.1.8 Special requirements or exceptions to the provisions
fabricating practices and upon the magnetic performance to be
of this specification.
obtained in the specified end use, the producer shall notify the
6. Manufacture user before shipment is made so the user has an opportunity to
evaluate the effects.
6.1 Typical Melting and Casting:
6.1.1 These fully processed electrical steels may be made by
7. Magnetic Properties
basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or other steelmaking practice.
6.1.2 These electrical steels are characterized by low 7.1 Specific Core Loss—Each core-loss type of electrical
steel is identified by a maximum core-loss limit as shown in
carbon, usually less than 0.020 %. The principal alloying
element is commonly silicon, but aluminum up to about 0.8 % Table 1.
is sometimes used instead of or in addition to silicon, depend-
7.2 Permeability—The permeability at all magnetic flux
ing on mill-processing practice for the desired magnetic grade.
density values shall be as high as possible, consistent with the
Individual producers will often have different silicon or alumi-
required core-loss limits that govern the grade. Typical relative
num contents for a particular grade because of intrinsic
peak permeability (μ ) values are given in Appendix X1.
p
mill-processing procedures.
7.3 Specific Exciting Power—The knowledge of the ap-
6.1.3 Sulfur content is typically less than 0.025 % and is
proximate value of rms exciting power required for the
usually lowest in the numbered types representing lowest core
excitation of a particular type of electrical steel is frequently
loss. Manganese is typically present in amounts between
useful to the user. Typical values of specific exciting power are
0.10 % and 0.40 %. Phosphorus, copper, nickel, chromium,
given in Appendix X1.
molybdenum, antimony, and tin are usually present only in
residual amounts except in the higher numbered core-loss types 7.4 Magnetic Aging—Although steel sold to this specifica-
in which phosphorus up to 0.15 % and tin or antimony up to tion is considered non-aging, the maximum core-loss values of
0.10 % may be present. Table 1 are based on tests of freshly sheared specimens. The
A677 − 16 (2023)
guarantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatment is
Thickness, mm (in.)
subject to negotiation between the user and the producer. The
0.36 (0.0140)
definition of aging coefficient and the aging treatments usually
0.47 (0.0185)
specified are given in Terminology A340.
0.64 (0.0250)
10.2 Thickness Variations—The average thickness of the
8. Surface Insulation Characteristics
material supplied shall be as close as possible to the ordered
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, fully processed nonoriented
thickness. Measurements made with a contacting micrometer
electrical steels are supplied with a smooth surface finish and
at points no closer than 10 mm (0.375 in.) from the edge of a
a thin, tightly adherent surface oxide (Coating Type C-0 in
sheet or coil of specified width shall not differ from the
Classification A976) which has sufficient insulating ability for
specified thickness by more than the values (which include
most small cores.
taper) shown in Table 2.
8.2 Applied Coatings:
10.3 Taper—The rolling of flat-rolled sheets inherently
8.2.1 Several types of thin, tightly adherent applied coatings
produces an edge which is thinner than the rest of the sheet.
(Coating Types C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 in Classification A976)
This characteristic is termed “tapered edge,” “feather,” or
with higher levels of insulating ability are available on fully
gamma and occurs primarily within 25 mm to 51 mm (1 in. to
processed nonoriented electrical steels. If an applied coating is
2 in.) from the as-rolled edge of the material. The thickness
needed, the user shall specify the coating type.
variation involved in edge taper sometimes is the major portion
8.2.2 If the insulating ability of the applied coating is
of the total overall thickness variation permitted by 10.2. Edge
unusually critical to the application, the user shall specify not
taper is defined and may be measured in accordance with Test
only the coating type, but also the test method (either Test
Method A971/A971M. It may be expected that the following
Method A717/A717M or Test Method A937/A937M) and test
limits on the differences in thickness measured along a straight
conditions to be used to evaluate the insulating ability of the
line perpendicular to the mill edge within the first 50 mm
coating, as well as the corresponding minimum value of
(2 in.) or less from either edge of the ordered width will apply:
insulating ability.
Ordered Thickness, mm (in.) Maximum Taper, mm (in.)
8.2.3 A thinner-than-usual applied coating may be preferred
0.36 (0.0140) 0.025 (0.0010)
when the core-fabricating practice involves welding or die
0.47 (0.0185) 0.030 (0.0012)
casting. In such cases, the coating type shall be suffixed by the
0.64 (0.0250) 0.036 (0.0014)
letter “A.”
10.4 Width Tolerances—Maximum deviations from the or-
9. Mechanical and Physical Properties dered width shall be as shown in Table 3.
10.5 Length Tolerances—The maximum deviations from
9.1 Lamination Factor—The lamination factor shall be as
high as practicable. It is greatest for thicker gages and when the the ordered length shall be as shown in Table 4.
surface is smooth, uncoated, and without significant amounts
10.6 Camber—Camber is the greatest deviation of a side
of oxide. Lamination factors can be determined using Test
edge from a straight line, the measurement being taken on the
Method A719/A719M. Typical values of lamination factor are
concave side with a straightedge. It is limited to 6.4 mm
given in Appendix X1.
(0.25 in.) per 2.4 m (96 in.) of length.
9.2 Ductility—The material shall be as ductile as possible.
10.7 Out of Square—This tolerance applies to cut lengths
When required, the ductility can be determined by the bend test
only and represents the deviation of an edge from a straight line
for ductility as described in Test Method A720/A720M.
placed at a right angle to the side, touching one corner and
Ductility is a function of microstructure and may differ
extending to the other side. It shall not exceed 1.6 mm
between producers. The user’s anneal may also affect ductility.
(0.062 in.) per 152 mm (6 in.) of width or fraction thereof.
Typical values for ductility are given in Appendix X1.
11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
9.3 Hardness—The hardness of these materials can be
determined using Test Methods E18 or Test Method E384. 11.1 Flatness—Adequately defining the degree of flatness
Hardness is affected by chemistry and by the grain size and necessary for the general application of fully processed elec-
microstructure of the final product. Typical values for the trical steel sheets is extremely difficult; therefore, no specific
hardness of “as-produced” materials are given in Appendix X1. limits for flatness have been established.
11.1.1 It is intended that flatness shall be suitable for the
10. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
intended application, and consequently, the user should inform
10.1 Thickness—Specified thickness should be one of the the producer of any requirements for a degree of flatness more
common thicknesses as follows: critical than that obtained from usual commercial practices.
TABLE 2 Thickness Tolerances
Thickness Tolerances, Over or Under, mm (in.) for Specified Width, mm (in.)
Specified Thickness, mm (in.) Over 150 (6) to Over 300 (12) to Over 910 (36) to
150 (6) and Under
300 (12), incl. 910 (36), incl. 1220 (48), incl.
0.36 (0.014) to 0.51 (0.020), incl 0.038 (0.0015) 0.051 (0.002) 0.051 (0.002) 0.076 (0.003)
0.53 (0.021) to 0.79 (0.031), incl 0.051 (0.002) 0.051 (0.002) 0.076 (0.003) 0.076 (0.003)
A677 − 16 (2023)
TABLE 3 Width Tolerances
14.2 The assumed de
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