ASTM A291/A291M-19
(Specification)Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
ABSTRACT
This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel, and liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts for reduction gears. Prior to heat treatment for mechanical properties testing , steel materials may undergo machining and boring, after which specimens shall be stress relieved. Tensile, impact and Brinell hardness tests shall be performed wherein forgings shall conform to the following mechanical properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Charpy V-notch, and Brinell hardness. Specimens shall also conform to chemical requirements for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, and aluminum.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts.
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for the class of material used.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A291/A291M −19
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
1
Shafts for Reduction Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA291/A291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered car-
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
bon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for
Steel Forgings
pinions, gears, and shafts.
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
Forgings
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
quirements
steel.
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class
3. Terminology
D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and
3.1 Definitions:
Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
3.1.1 controlling cross section thickness (T )—the diameter
C
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under
of the largest theoretical sphere which can be inscribed within
proper conditions.Welding technique is of fundamental impor-
the volume of the forging.
tance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and
3.1.2 gears—rings, disks, cylinders or rectangular bars hav-
inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for
ing gear teeth.
the class of material used.
3.1.3 pinions—circular cross section forgings of multiple
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
diameter with gear teeth on one or more diameters.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.4 shafts—circular cross section forgings of one or more
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
diameters which do not have integral gear teeth.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
4. Ordering Information
with the standard.
4.1 Instructions for purchasing forgings to this specification
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
should be in accordance with Specification A788/A788M.In
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
addition, a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the forging should be included with the inquiry or order.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 5. Heat Treatment
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5.1.1 The forgings shall be given such preliminary heat
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
treatment as is proper for the design and composition. The
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a
sufficientlengthoftimeforaustenitizationandshallbesuitably
cooled to bring about complete transformation.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A291/A291M – 18a. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/A0291_A0291M-19. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A291/A291M−19
5.1.2 Forgings may be immediately treated for mechanical 6. General Requirements
properties after preliminary heat treatment or they may be
6.1 Unless otherwise specified herein, the requirement
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A291/A291M − 18a A291/A291M − 19
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
1
Shafts for Reduction Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A291/A291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions,
gears, and shafts.
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and
Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance
and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for the class of material
used.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 controlling cross section thickness (T )—the diameter of the largest theoretical sphere which can be inscribed within the
C
volume of the forging.
3.1.2 gears—rings, disks, cylinders or rectangular bars having gear teeth.
3.1.3 pinions—circular cross section forgings of multiple diameter with gear teeth on one or more diameters.
3.1.4 shafts—circular cross section forgings of one or more diameters which do not have integral gear teeth.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018Nov. 1, 2019. Published November 2018November 2019. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as
A291/A291MA291/A291M – 18a.–18. DOI: 10.1520/A0291_A0291M–18A.10.1520/A0291_A0291M-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A291/A291M − 19
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Instructions for purchasing forgings to this specification should be in accordance with Specification A788/A788M. In
addition, a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of the forging should be included with the inquiry or order.
4.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall apply only when specified in the purchase order.
5. Heat Treatment
5.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment:
5.1.1 The forgings shall be given such preliminary heat treatment as is proper for the design and composition. The forgings shall
be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for austenitization and shall be suitably cooled to bring about
complete transfor
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