ASTM C1408-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
Standard Test Method for Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In order to be suitable for this purpose, these materials must meet certain criteria for impurity content. This test method is designed to determine whether the carbon content meets Specifications C 753, C 776, C 888, and C 922.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications.
1.2 Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) and gadolinium oxide-uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using this test method.
1.3 This test method covers the determination of 5 to 500 μg of residual carbon.
1.4 This test method describes an induction furnace carrier gas combustion system equipped with an infrared detector. It may also be applied to a similar instrument equipped with a thermal conductivity detector.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon per gram of sample (μg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per gram of uranium (μg/g U).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1408 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By
1
Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1408; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C922 Specification for Sintered Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium
Dioxide Pellets
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in
nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine
3. Summary of Test Method
compliance with specifications.
3.1 The powered or crushed test specimen and an appropri-
1.2 Gadolinium oxide (Gd O ) and gadolinium oxide-
2 3
ate accelerator (metal flux) are added to a crucible, placed
uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using
within an induction-heated furnace and burned at a nominal
this test method.
temperature of 1600 to 1700°C in a stream of oxygen. A
catalyst converts the carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide
1.3 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationof5to500µg
(CO ) and the products of combustion are scavenged free of
of residual carbon.
2
sulfur compounds, halogens, and water vapor. The CO is
2
1.4 This test method describes an induction furnace carrier
swept into an infrared cell detector. The amount of carbon is
gas combustion system equipped with an infrared detector. It
automatically determined from stored calibration data, and is
may also be applied to a similar instrument equipped with a
displayed or printed out, or both, by the carbon analyzer.
thermal conductivity detector.
3.2 The actual configuration of the system may vary with
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
vendor and model. Typical systems include columns of mate-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
rials such as copper oxide, platinized silica gel, magnesium
standard.
perchlorate, sodium hydroxide, and cellulose to purify the CO
2
1.5.1 The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon
stream.
per gram of sample (µg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per
gram of uranium (µg/g U).
4. Significance and Use
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
order to be suitable for this purpose, these materials must meet
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
certain criteria for impurity content. This test method is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
designed to determine whether the carbon content meets
Specifications C753, C776, C888, and C922.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5. Interferences
C753 Specification for Nuclear-Grade, Sinterable Uranium
5.1 Contamination of carrier gas, crucibles, or samples with
Dioxide Powder
extraneous sources of carbon may cause a positive bias. The
C776 Specification for Sintered Uranium Dioxide Pellets
blank correction will help to minimize the bias from carrier gas
C888 Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide
and crucibles. Interference from absorbed carbon on samples
(Gd O ) Powder
2 3
may be eliminated by keeping the sample in an inert atmo-
sphere or vacuum.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear
5.2 PowderedGd O samplesmayadsorbCO/CO fromthe
Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of
2 3 2
Test.
atmosphere. Sample preheating to 120° for2his recom-
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2009.PublishedJuly2009.Originallyapproved
mended in this case.
in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1408 – 98 (2004). DOI:
10.1520/C1408-09.
5.3 The purification system typically associated with the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
recommended combustion and detection equipment is de-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
signed to minimize other expected sources of interferences,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. such as sulfur, halogens, and water.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1408 − 09
6. Apparatus 8.1.1 The 101, 131, 133, 339, and 343 series, ranging from
approximately 20 µg/g sample to 1500 µg/g sample have been
6.1 Low-Carbon Analyzer,consistingofaninduction-heated
found satisfactory.
furnac
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1408–98 (Reapproved 2004) Designation:C1408–09
Standard Test Method for
Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By
1
Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1408; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine
compliance with specifications.
1.2 Gadolinium oxide (Gd O ) and gadolinium oxide-uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using this test
2 3
method.
1.3 This test method covers the determination of 5 to 500 µg of residual carbon.
1.4 This test method describes an induction furnace carrier gas combustion system equipped with an infrared detector. It may
also be applied to a similar instrument equipped with a thermal conductivity detector.
1.5The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon per gram of sample (µg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per gram of
uranium (µg/g U).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon per gram of sample (µg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per gram
of uranium (µg/g U).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 753 Specification for Nuclear-Grade, Sinterable Uranium Dioxide Powder
C 776 Specification for Sintered Uranium Dioxide Pellets
C 888 Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd O ) Powder
2 3
C 922 Specification for Sintered Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium Dioxide Pellets
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The powered or crushed test specimen and an appropriate accelerator (metal flux) are added to a crucible, placed within an
induction-heated furnace and burned at a nominal temperature of 1600 to 1700°C in a stream of oxygen. A catalyst converts the
carbonmonoxide(CO)tocarbondioxide(CO )andtheproductsofcombustionarescavengedfreeofsulfurcompounds,halogens,
2
and water vapor. The CO is swept into an infrared cell detector. The amount of carbon is automatically determined from stored
2
calibration data, and is displayed or printed out, or both, by the carbon analyzer.
3.2 The actual configuration of the system may vary with vendor and model.Typical systems include columns of materials such
as copper oxide, platinized silica gel, magnesium perchlorate, sodium hydroxide, and cellulose to purify the CO stream.
2
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In order to
be suitable for this purpose, these materials must meet certain criteria for impurity content. This test method is designed to
determine whether the carbon content meets Specifications C 753, C 776, C 888, and C 922.
5. Interferences
5.1 Contamination of carrier gas, crucibles, or samples with extraneous sources of carbon may cause a positive bias. The blank
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of Test.
Current edition approved June 1, 2004.2009. Published July 2004.2009. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 as C 1408 -– 98 (2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1408–09
correction will help to minimize the bias from carrier gas and crucibles. Interference from absorbed carbon on samples may be
eliminated by keeping the sample in an inert atmosphere or vacuum.
5.2 Powdered Gd O samples may adsorb CO/CO from the atmosphere. Sample preheating to 120° for2his recommend
...
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