ASTM E1820-23b
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assuming the presence of a preexisting, sharp, fatigue crack, the material fracture toughness values identified by this test method characterize its resistance to: (1) fracture of a stationary crack, (2) fracture after some stable tearing, (3) stable tearing onset, and (4) sustained stable tearing. This test method is particularly useful when the material response cannot be anticipated before the test. Application of procedures in Test Method E1921 is recommended for testing ferritic steels that undergo cleavage fracture in the ductile-to-brittle transition.
5.1.1 These fracture toughness values may serve as a basis for material comparison, selection, and quality assurance. Fracture toughness can be used to rank materials within a similar yield strength range.
5.1.2 These fracture toughness values may serve as a basis for structural flaw tolerance assessment. Awareness of differences that may exist between laboratory test and field conditions is required to make proper flaw tolerance assessment.
5.2 The following cautionary statements are based on some observations.
5.2.1 Particular care must be exercised in applying to structural flaw tolerance assessment the fracture toughness value associated with fracture after some stable tearing has occurred. This response is characteristic of ferritic steel in the transition regime. This response is especially sensitive to material inhomogeneity and to constraint variations that may be induced by planar geometry, thickness differences, mode of loading, and structural details.
5.2.2 The J-R curve from bend-type specimens recommended by this test method (SE(B), C(T), and DC(T)) has been observed to be conservative with respect to results from tensile loading configurations.
5.2.3 The values of δc, δu, Jc, and Ju may be affected by specimen dimensions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines for the determination of fracture toughness of metallic materials using the following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (δ). Toughness can be measured in the R-curve format or as a point value. The fracture toughness determined in accordance with this test method is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading.
Note 1: Until this version, KIc could be evaluated using this test method as well as by using Test Method E399. To avoid duplication, the evaluation of KIc has been removed from this test method and the user is referred to Test Method E399.
1.2 The recommended specimens are single-edge bend, [SE(B)], compact, [C(T)], and disk-shaped compact, [DC(T)]. All specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatigue cracks.
1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary according to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guidelines are established through consideration of material toughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualification requirements of the toughness value per values sought.
Note 2: Other standard methods for the determination of fracture toughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in Test Methods E399, E1290, and E1921. This test method was developed to provide a common method for determining all applicable toughness parameters from a single test.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations iss...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1820 − 23b
Standard Test Method for
1
Measurement of Fracture Toughness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1820; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines for
the determination of fracture toughness of metallic materials
2. Referenced Documents
using the following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (δ). Tough-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ness can be measured in the R-curve format or as a point value.
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
The fracture toughness determined in accordance with this test
ing Machines
method is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading.
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
NOTE 1—Until this version, K could be evaluated using this test
Ic
terials
method as well as by using Test Method E399. To avoid duplication, the
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of
evaluation of K has been removed from this test method and the user is
Ic
Metallic Materials
referred to Test Method E399.
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
1.2 The recommended specimens are single-edge bend,
tallic Materials
[SE(B)], compact, [C(T)], and disk-shaped compact, [DC(T)].
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
All specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatigue
Toughness of Metallic Materials
cracks.
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement
1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary ac-
(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn
cording to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guide-
3
2013)
lines are established through consideration of material
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
toughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualifi-
E1921 Test Method for Determination of Reference
cation requirements of the toughness value per values sought.
Temperature, T , for Ferritic Steels in the Transition
0
NOTE 2—Other standard methods for the determination of fracture
Range
toughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in Test
E1942 Guide for Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used
Methods E399, E1290, and E1921. This test method was developed to
in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing
provide a common method for determining all applicable toughness
E2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of
parameters from a single test.
Metallic Materials
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4
2.2 ASTM Data Sets:
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
E1820/1–DS1(2016) Standard data set 1 to evaluate com-
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
puter algorithms for evaluation of J using Annex 9 of
Ic
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1820
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1820/2–DS2(2020) Standard data set 2 to evaluate com-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
puter algorithms for evaluation of J using Annex 9 of
Ic
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E1820
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1820/3–DS3(2020) Standard data set 3 to evaluate com-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
puter algorithms for evaluation of J using Annex 9 of
Ic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E1820
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture the ASTM website.
3
Mechanics. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved www.astm.org.
4
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as E1820 – 23a. DOI: 10.1520/ These data sets are available for download from ASTM at
E1820-23B https://www.astm.org/get-involved/technical-com
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1820 − 23a E1820 − 23b
Standard Test Method for
1
Measurement of Fracture Toughness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1820; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines for the determination of fracture toughness of metallic materials using the
following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (δ). Toughness can be measured in the R-curve format or as a point value. The fracture
toughness determined in accordance with this test method is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading.
NOTE 1—Until this version, K could be evaluated using this test method as well as by using Test Method E399. To avoid duplication, the evaluation
Ic
of K has been removed from this test method and the user is referred to Test Method E399.
Ic
1.2 The recommended specimens are single-edge bend, [SE(B)], compact, [C(T)], and disk-shaped compact, [DC(T)]. All
specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatigue cracks.
1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary according to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guidelines are
established through consideration of material toughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualification requirements of
the toughness value per values sought.
NOTE 2—Other standard methods for the determination of fracture toughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in Test Methods E399,
E1290, and E1921. This test method was developed to provide a common method for determining all applicable toughness parameters from a single test.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture
Mechanics.
Current edition approved May 1, 2023June 1, 2023. Published May 2023July 2023. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as
E1820 – 23.E1820 – 23a. DOI: 10.1520/E1820-23A10.1520/E1820-23B
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1820 − 23b
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
3
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn 2013)
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
E1921 Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, T , for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range
0
E1942 Guide for Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing
E2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
4
2.2 ASTM Data Sets:
E1820/1–DS1(2016) Standard data set 1 to evaluate computer algorithms for evaluation of J using Annex 9 of E1820
Ic
E1820/2–DS2(2020) St
...
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