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ASTM D7410-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Qualification of Cotton Classification Instruments for Cotton Marketing

Standard Practice for Qualification of Cotton Classification Instruments for Cotton Marketing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this practice is to provide guiding principles for the use of evaluation cottons and evaluation samples for the qualification of cotton classification instruments.
The cotton classification instruments qualified under this practice shall be capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index, breaking tenacity (strength), Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
This practice provides guidelines for users of cotton classification instruments to perform standardized testing that will ensure that test results are within acceptable tolerances (see tables below) for the marketing of cotton bales.
A test of the upper half mean length, uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) shall consist of an average of two (2) specimens that are prepared by an automatic mechanical sampler.
A test of the color and trash shall consist of an average of four (4) measurements with a 90 degree rotation of the color evaluation fiber samples between measurements on each sample.
The micronaire test shall consist of a single measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides two options for the qualification of cotton classification instruments: option 1, newly installed cotton classification instrumentation, or option 2, annual verification of cotton classification instrumentation using evaluation cottons, trash evaluation images, and color evaluation fiber samples for the fiber measurements of micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index, breaking tenacity (strength), Rd (color reflectance), +b (color yellowness), percent area (trash), and particle count (trash).
1.2 This practice covers the technical requirements to validate the consistency of data reported by a cotton classification instrument.
1.2.1 The practice can be used when new equipment is installed or it can be used to perform annual verification for consistency of reported data.
1.2.2 The practice can be used to qualify cotton classification instruments using evaluation cottons, trash evaluation images, and color evaluation fiber samples. These data can be used for fiber measurements of micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index, strength, color reflectance, and trash.
1.3 The values stated in English units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2007
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM D7642-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Establishment of Calibration Cottons for Cotton Classification Instruments
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007

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ASTM D7410-07 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Cotton Classification Instruments for Cotton Marketing
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7410 – 07
Standard Practice for
Qualification of Cotton Classification Instruments for Cotton
Marketing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7410; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2495 TestMethodforMoistureinCottonbyOven-Drying
1.1 This practice provides two options for the qualification
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
of cotton classification instruments: option 1, newly installed
2.2 Other Documents:
cotton classification instrumentation, or option 2, annual veri-
Guidelines for HVI Testing, July 2001, United States De-
fication of cotton classification instrumentation using evalua-
partment of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Marketing
tioncottons,trashevaluationimages,andcolorevaluationfiber
Service (AMS), Cotton Program, 3275 Appling Road,
samples for the fiber measurements of micronaire reading,
Memphis TN 38133 http://www.ams.usda.gov/cotton/
upper half mean length, uniformity index, breaking tenacity
cnpubs.htm
(strength), Rd (color reflectance), +b (color yellowness), per-
USDA The Classification of Cotton, April 2001, Agricul-
cent area (trash), and particle count (trash).
tural Handbook; United States Department ofAgriculture,
1.2 This practice covers the technical requirements to vali-
Agricultural Marketing Service, Cotton Program, 3275
date the consistency of data reported by a cotton classification
Appling Road, Memphis TN 38133 http://
instrument.
www.ams.usda.gov/cotton/cnpubs.htm
1.2.1 The practice can be used when new equipment is
installed or it can be used to perform annual verification for
3. Terminology
consistency of reported data.
3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.2.2 The practice can be used to qualify cotton classifica-
3.1.1 +b (color yellowness)
tion instruments using evaluation cottons, trash evaluation
3.1.2 breaking tenacity (strength)
images, and color evaluation fiber samples. These data can be
3.1.3 micronaire reading
used for fiber measurements of micronaire reading, upper half
3.1.4 particle count (trash)
mean length, uniformity index, strength, color reflectance, and
3.1.5 percent area (trash)
trash.
3.1.6 rd (color reflectance)
1.3 The values stated in English units are to be regarded as
3.1.7 uniformity index
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.8 upper half mean length
standard.
3.2 Definitions:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 color evaluation fiber samples, n—as established by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), cotton
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
samples based upon USDA established standard values for Rd
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(color reflectance) and +b (color yellowness).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 cotton classification instrument, n—an integrated in-
2. Referenced Documents strument utilized for the classification of cotton that measures
micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
breaking tenacity (strength), Rd (color reflectance), +b (color
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
yellowness), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
3.2.3 evaluation cottons, n—as established by United States
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand
Department of Agriculture (USDA), cottons that have estab-
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
lished standard values for micronaire reading, upper half mean
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. DOI: 10.1520/
length, uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength).
D7410-07.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7410 – 07
3.2.4 micronaire-specific evaluation cottons, n—as estab- from the USDA, AMS, Cotton Program’s Standardization and
lished by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Engineering Branch. The contact information is provided
cottons that have established standard values for micronaire below.
reading.
USDA, AMS, Cotton Program
Standardization and Engineering Branch
3.2.5 trash evaluation images, n—as established by United
3275 Appling Road, Room #5
States Department of Agriculture (USDA), photographic im-
Memphis, TN 38133 USA
ages of reference cottons with established standard values for http://www.ams.usda.gov/cotton/
phone: 901-384-3030 / fax: 901-384-3032
percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
3.3 For all terminology related to cotton fibers, see Termi- 6.2.2 Evaluation Cottons—A set of eight (8) evaluation
nology D7139.
cottons that represents a range in upper half mean length. In
3.4 For all terminology related to textiles, see Terminology addition the evaluation cottons will contain a range for the
D123. measurements of micronaire reading, uniformity index, and
breaking tenacity.
4. Summary of Practice 6.2.3 Color Evaluation Fiber Samples (Option 1, Newly
Installed)—Aset of twelve (12) color evaluation fiber samples
4.1 The cotton classification instrument shall perform a
that represent a range in Rd and +b.
series of tests on evaluation cottons, trash evaluation images,
6.2.4 Color Evaluation Fiber Samples (Option 2, Annual
and color evaluation fiber samples that shall meet established
Verification)—A set of six (6) color evaluation fiber samples
criteria for instrument qualification.
that represent a range in Rd and +b.
6.2.5 Trash Evaluation Images (Option 1, Newly
5. Significance and Use
Installed)—A set of twelve (12) trash evaluation images that
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide guiding
represent a range in percent area and particle count.
principles for the use of evaluation cottons and evaluation
6.2.6 Trash Evaluation Images (Option 2, Annual
samples for the qualification of cotton classification instru-
Verification)—A set of six (6) trash evaluation image that
ments.
represent a range in percent area and particle count.
5.2 Thecottonclassificationinstrumentsqualifiedunderthis
practice shall be capable of testing the fiber properties of
7. Conditioning
micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index,
7.1 Condition the cotton samples a minimum of 48 hours
breaking tenacity (strength), Rd (color), +b (color), percent
according to the temperature and relative humidity levels as
area (trash) and particle count (trash).
specified in Practice D1776 (21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and
5.3 This practice provides guidelines for users of cotton
65 6 2 %).
classification instruments to perform standardized testing that
7.2 Moisture content (dry basis) measured by resistance
will ensure that test results are within acceptable tolerances
technique referenced to oven method Test Method D2495 shall
(see tables below) for the marketing of cotton bales.
be within 6.75 to 8.25 %.
5.4 A test of the upper half mean length, uniformity index
NOTE 1—This range covers the equilibrium moisture content range for
and breaking tenacity (strength) shall consist of an average of
all cottons.
two (2) specimens that are prepared by an automatic mechani-
cal sampler.
8. Calibration
5.5 A test of the color and trash shall consist of an average
8.1 The cotton classification instrument shall be calibrated
of four (4) measurements with a 90 degree rotation of the color
using USDAcalibration materials as specified according to the
evaluation fiber samples between measurements on each
instrument manufacturer instructions.
sample.
5.6 The micronaire test shall consist of a single measure-
OPTION 1—NEW INSTRUMENT EVALUATION
ment.
9. Procedure
6. Apparatus and Materials
9.1 The evaluation process for the measurements of micron-
6.1 Cotton Classification Instrument:
aire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index and
6.1.1 The precision of measurement for each property shall
breaking tenacity shall consist of testing eight evaluation
be as follows: micronaire to the nearest hundredth, upper half
cottons of varying levels.Atotal of eight test replications shall
mean length to the nearest thousandth, uniformity index to the
be performed on each of the eight cottons. A complete
nearest tenth, breaking tenacity to the nearest tenth, Rd (color
evaluation shall consist of a total of 64 tests for micronaire
reflectance) to the nearest tenth, +b (color yellowness) to the
reading,upperhalfmeanlength,uniformityindexandbreaking
nearest hundredth, percent area (trash) to the nearest hundredth
tenacity.
and particle count (trash) to the nearest whole number.
9.2 The evaluation process for the individual measurement
6.2 Reference Materials:
of micronaire shall consist of testing six micronaire-specific
6.2.1 The evaluation cottons, micr
...

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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.  
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1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.  
Note 1: The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.  
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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
5.2 This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken.  
5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design of a sampling plan to be used to obtain samples for the determination of the moisture content of grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate products, and rovings.  
1.2 Directions are given for the designation of sampling units, calculation of the number of sampling units required to achieve a preselected precision and confidence level or, alternatively, for calculating the confidence limits for the mean based on the variability of the sample tested.  
Note 1: This practice for devising a sampling plan is intended for use in connection with Test Method D1576 or Test Method D2462. The sampling of raw wool for the determination of clean wool fiber present is covered in Practice D1060.  
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ASTM D1576-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1576 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is a simple and convenient method for routine process control, in-plant evaluation, estimation of moisture content of a lot of wool, or any other purpose for which a high degree of reproducibility is not necessary (see Section 13).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).  
Note 1: The determination of moisture content for textile materials in general is covered in Test Methods D2654, and an optimal method for determining the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is covered in Test Method D2462. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525. The oven-drying method has been adapted for cotton in Test Method D2495.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2968-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2968 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in view of the known bias.  
5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers hav...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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