D13.11 - Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is useful in research studies to determine the influence of variety, environment, and processing on fiber strength and elongation; and in studies of the relationships between these fiber properties, processing performance, and quality of end-product.  
5.3 Values obtained for flat bundle tenacity and elongation show a high correlation with values measured on single fibers and require much less time and skill.  
5.4 Studies have shown that strength measurements obtained with different types of instruments are highly correlated, but the results are on different levels.3  
5.5 By use of correction factors calculated from tests made on standard calibration samples of known or established test values, the results obtained with different types of instruments at a specified gauge length can be adjusted to comparable levels. Due to the normal variation in cottons, strength test results...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of (1) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat bundle using a nominal zero gauge length, or (2) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with 1/8-in. [3.2-mm] clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose ginned cotton fibers of untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained from a textile product.  
1.2 This test method is designed primarily for use with special fiber bundle clamps and special strength testing instruments but may be used with other tensile strength and elongation testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the fiber clamps.  
Note 1: Other methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Method D1294, Test for Breaking Strength of Wool Fiber Bundles—1 in gauge Length;2 and D5867, Test Method for Measurement of Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers by High Volume Instruments.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barr...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide guiding principles for the use of reference standard cottons for the standardization of instruments and techniques to obtain reproducible test results (within statistical limits) when the tests are performed on samples of cotton fibers by the same or different operators at the same or different times, both within the same laboratory and in different laboratories.  
5.2 Results obtained on cotton fiber tests on the same sample may vary widely due to differences in instruments and operator techniques. Some variation in test result levels can be controlled by the physical adjustment of instruments in accordance with manufacturers' instruction. Instrument adjustments are made only to cause instrument values to coincide with specified calibration points established by the manufacturer. Other variations in cotton fiber test results are caused by differences in technique used in specimen preparation, errors in reading test values from scales, variation in the reference standard, and sampling errors in specimen selection. It is necessary that the mean value of at least four sets of determinations per operator-instrument be used in order to form a sound basis for any adjustment of technique or for the use of correction factors.4  
5.3 In comparing results of different operators and different laboratories, for example, between the purchaser and the seller, it is essential that all results be obtained on replicate specimens. Values obtained on individual samples, as well as on a reference standard are never absolute, but have a normal variation about their mean due to heterogeneity of the sample. Therefore confidence limits of a test value are dependent upon the within laboratory variance for the test and the sampling error. The level of the results in different laboratories will be comparable only to the extent of the use of the same reference standards in both laboratories.  
5.4 Any one set of determinations on a reference s...
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1.1 This practice covers the use of reference standard cottons for the standardization of instruments and techniques used to test cotton fibers in various laboratories.  
1.2 Standardization may be achieved by application of a correction factor based on the reference standards, or by modification of the technique in use.
Note 1: When reference standards are used to develop correction factors, or to adjust an operator's technique, no instrument calibration processes are involved. The term “Calibration” is properly used for the application or assignment of permanent scales or marks to an instrument. Adjustments can be made to specific instruments and accessories such as orifices, metallic strips, or cellophane sheets, in order to obtain the prescribed values with a specific instrument. Since an operator's technique or the interpretation of a method or procedure is inherently variable, it cannot be calibrated, that is, assigned a permanent, definite value. The use of reference standards, however, affords a means for standardizing techniques and checking the reliability of observed results.  
1.3 This practice recognizes two types of reference standards: (1) calibration cotton standards (see 6.1) and (2) working cotton standards (see 6.2).  
1.4 The instructions included in this practice can be used with cotton fibers in any form suitable for testing with the particular instrument to be used.  
1.5 The instructions in the practice are applicable to cotton fibers but can also be applied to specific blends of cotton and other fibers, or to other fibers that can be tested with the instruments designed for testing cotton fibers. No information is available, however, to show that test procedures standardized with reference cotton samples are equally reliable with various cotton fiber blends or with other fibers.  
Note 2: Standardization procedures covered in this practice are recommended for use with the following: Test M...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast method for determining the length and length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.  
5.3 Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors.  
5.4 Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial staple length classifications and also provide additional information on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton quality information provided by these results is used in research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, and for other purposes.  
5.5 Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber is caught randomly along its length.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectric measurement. The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or some types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns, fabrics or to 100 % synthetic fibers.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models of the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
Note 1: Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph Models were included in the text of Test Method D1447 in 1971 and previous editions.
Note 2: For other methods covering the measurement of the length of cotton fibers refer to Test Method D1440.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water content of raw or lint cotton determined by this practice, calculated from the required volume of reagent, may be greater, equal to or less than the moisture content measured by standard oven drying methods. These differences may be of significance in commercial transactions (1-3)4 (see also Appendix X2). Water content by this method is not to be considered the same attribute as moisture content.  
5.2 Standard test methods using volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer reagent are two of the most widely used procedures for the determination of water.  
5.3 The volumetric method is typically used for the routine determination of water in the mass percent range of concentrations. If samples contain very low levels of water, the coulometric technique should be considered (see Test Methods D1533, E1064).  
5.4 This practice for testing the water content of cotton can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of lint cotton, manufacturing control and calibration of fast, indirect sensors to measure water.  
5.5 Information on the water content of cotton is desirable since the physical properties of cotton are significantly affected by its water content. Variations in the amount of water present, or its regain, affect the mass and hence the market value of a lot of material.  
5.6 The observed volume of Karl Fischer reagent used in this practice to analyze a specimen represents the water in the absence of side reactions in an oven supplied with air (3).
Note 2: Side reactions in cotton that confound the actual weight loss due to water have been demonstrated in two laboratory ovens and a thermogravimetric analysis oven supplied with air (3). This results in an approximation regarding the actual amount of water in cotton based on mass loss by drying. If the moisture content by oven drying agrees with the water content measured by Karl Fischer titration, the one-to-one correspondence may be coincidental due to the presence of both negative a...
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of the total amount of water (free and bound) in raw and lint cotton at moisture equilibrium from conditioning in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Note 1: For other methods of determination of moisture in lint cotton that do not specify conditioning to moisture equilibrium, refer to Test Methods D2495 and D1348.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of oven evaporation to remove all of the water in the fiber matrix, volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration to determine water content and water regain, and control current potentiometry to detect the end point.  
1.3 This practice is not intended for use with potentiometric (zero current) and coulometric Karl Fischer titrators (see Test Methods D1533, D4377 and E1064), nor is this practice intended to be used with methanol extracts of cotton (See Test Methods D1348).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary warnings see 9.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing cotton for non-lint content is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since it is the best available procedure for obtaining objective data.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method gives data on the non-lint content of raw cotton which can be used as a basis for: (1) estimating the net amount of manufactured textile product obtainable from raw cotton; (2) predicting the quality of cotton textile products, particularly their aesthetic properties; (3) assembling and blending bales in a mix on a non-lint content basis; (4) adjusting ginning and textile processing machines for maximum efficiency in cleaning lint; and (5) relating non-lint content of cotton to end-product quality and processing efficiency.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-lint content of cotton using the Shirley Analyzer. The cotton may be in the form of (1) raw stock, that is, cotton fiber that has been separated from the seed by ginning; (2) partially processed cotton, such as picker lap or sliver; or (3) ginning or processing waste, such as obtained from ginning, opening and cleaning, picking, carding, or combing machines.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining non-lint content of cotton by use of the Shirley Analyser.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The reliability of the results of any test method depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material or lot. Failure to provide a test specimen which accurately represents the lot from which it is drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the accuracy and precision of the test method.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing the lot sample through a series of steps to produce test specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for the determination of fiber properties according to established procedures.  
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration testing and research.
Note 1: This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, D2480, D2812, D5866 and D5867.  
1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in this practice. See Test Method D2495.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Entangled cotton fibers that form neps have two sources: those that occur naturally as the cotton fiber develops on the plant into lint that is ready to be harvested and those that occur from mechanical action in harvesting, ginning, cleaning, carding or from a combination of mechanical action.  
5.2 This test method does not identify whether the neps counted and measured are a result of seed variety, environmental influences, type of harvesting, or a result of mechanical processing. However, this information can be obtained from studies where samples are taken from plants in the field before harvesting and ginning, before and after cleaning, and carding before spinning.  
5.3 The measurement of nep size and quantity going into, and coming out of, a fiber processing stage are commonly used to make adjustments in the processing machinery to reduce or eliminate the generation of mechanical neps. Neps that remain in spun yarns have a direct influence on neps in fabrics. For almost all types of yarn or fabric, neps are considered defects.  
5.4 This test method provides a consistent and repeatable measurement of fiber nep count and size. Check cotton samples supplied by the manufacturer are used to verify consistent measurement levels and laboratory-to-laboratory precision.  
5.5 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories or more, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. At a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are ran...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the quantity and size of neps in cotton using various instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended for testing ginned cotton and cotton taken from various fiber processing stages.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide standardization in the value setting of calibration cotton standards to be used for cotton classification instrument calibration.  
5.2 The practice provides procedures for the value setting for calibration cotton standards. These procedures are for use by cotton fiber testing organizations that establish standard values on candidate bales that will be utilized as calibration cotton standards for cotton classification instruments on the level of the benchmark cottons.
Note 1: Benchmark cottons are of high value and of limited supply. Long term accuracy and stability of the internationally recognized USDA cotton standards are dependent on long term maintenance of the benchmark cottons. Therefore, distribution of the benchmark cottons will be tightly controlled by the USDA.
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1.1 This practice provides instructions for the development of calibration cotton standards by establishing cotton fiber values for micronaire, length, uniformity index, and strength. The purpose of calibration cotton standards is for calibration of cotton classification instruments to the level of the internationally recognized United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Benchmark Reference Cotton Standards. The USDA has established calibration cotton standards for domestic upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) cottons and this practice provides an instruction for other geographical regions to establish their own calibration cotton standards for cotton classification instruments.  
1.2 This practice shall be used for the establishment of calibration cottons for the testing of Upland and ELS cottons.  
1.3 Only saw ginned cottons shall be used in this practice. Roller gin cottons are not valid for use due to higher measurement variability.  
1.4 The calibration cotton established by this practice is not valid for use as a micronaire calibration standard. The micronaire standard value is not for the instrument calibration of the micronaire module; it is utilized by the instrument for the correction of the strength measurement during the calibration routine.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is accepted for testing of bales of raw cotton in commercial shipments.  
4.2 This test method describes acceptable practices for testing of raw cotton using cotton classification instruments that are capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, length, uniformity index, strength, Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of color, trash content, micronaire, upper half mean length (length), uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) of raw cotton for cotton marketing using a cotton classification instrument.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) raw cotton.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to roller and saw ginned raw cottons.  
1.4 This test method contains the following sections.    
Section  
Color  
8 – 11  
Trash Content  
12 – 15  
Micronaire Reading  
16 – 19  
Upper Half Mean Length (Length) and Uniformity Index  
20 – 23  
Breaking Tenacity (Strength)  
24 – 27  
1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is useful for establishing and maintaining standard lighting conditions in cotton classing rooms. This permits the classer to make a valid assessment of the color grade of cotton. The cotton classer attempts to classify cotton on the basis of the color the sample and the standard would have in daylight. It is essential that the lighting in a classing room is constant and that it makes the color of cotton appear as nearly as possible as it would in natural daylight.  
5.2 Uniform lighting conditions permit classers to go from one classing room to another without having to make adjustments for wide differences in the amount and quality of lighting.
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1.1 This practice covers practices in general use in the United States for lighting cotton classing rooms, provides general background information regarding the development and establishment of these practices, and prescribes a test method for appraising the color quality of lamps procured for this purpose.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.  
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.  
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.  
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D123.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing the moisture content of cotton can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of lint cotton provided the between-laboratory bias is known.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories, or more, comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. Compare the test results from the two laboratories using a statistical test for unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Information on the moisture content of cotton is desirable since the physical properties of cotton are significantly affected by its moisture content. High moisture content increases flexibility, toughness, elongation, and tensile strength. Too high a moisture content causes difficulty in processing due to the tendency of the stock to “lap-up” on drafting rolls. Low moisture, on the other hand, facilitates cleaning but increases the brittleness of the fiber and results in fiber breakage during ginning, cleaning, and mill processing. Low moisture also increases fly waste and may cause manufacturing difficulties due to static electricity.  
5.3 Variations in the amount of moisture present affect the mass and hence the market value of a lot of material sold at a definite price per unit mass. Knowledge of the moisture content or regain can be accordingly an important financial consideration.  
5.4 Moisture content variation affects lap, sliver, and roving linear density which ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture in cotton by oven-drying and is applicable to raw cotton, cotton stock in process, and cotton waste.  
1.2 This test method may also, by agreement, be used for determining moisture in blends of cotton with other fibers.  
1.3 This test method offers alternative procedures for weighing the dried specimens, one procedure using an oven balance (9.3) and the other using a desiccator (9.4).  
Note 1: For other methods of determination of moisture in textile materials refer to Test Method D2654, which includes two options based on drying in an oven, and one option based on distillation with an immiscible solvent: Test Methods D885, Test Method D1576, Test Method D2462.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The array method provides objective measurements for determining the fiber length and length distribution in a sample of cotton. The results can be plotted to show the length-weight distribution of all the fibers in the sample. Data obtained from array tests are useful in fiber length research studies, for investigation of changes in fiber length distribution in ginning and mill processing, and for other research purposes.  
5.2 Upper quartile length is correlated with, but usually longer than, Fibrograph and 2.5 % span length as defined in Test Method D1447. Judgment must be used in making comparisons between length measures from arrays and measures obtained by other methods, which may be basically different.  
5.3 The coefficient of length variation is a measure of length distribution, or nonuniformity of length. Because the fiber weight-length distribution is usually highly skewed, statistical judgments based on the assumption of normality are not justified.
FIG. 1 Combs and Accessories for Arraying Fibers According to Length  
a and c—Banks of combs.
b—Forceps, tips padded with hard leather, for transferring fibers from one set of combs to the other.
d—Depressor for placing fibers in combs.
f—Dissecting needle.
g—Fork for scooping up fiber groups off velvet surface.
h—Aluminum plate covered with velvet cloth.
i—Special rule for measuring length of fiber groups.
k—Smooth plate for placing fibers onto velvet surfaces.
l—Wire rack for holding fiber groups wrapped in papers.
m—Smooth pointed tweezers.
n—Lift for raising combs in place.
o—Rack for holding velvet-covered boards.
p—Velvet-covered boards on which several pulls have been arrayed.
Note 1: Other accessories required for length arraying, not shown above, consist of the following: small whisk broom for cleaning velvet surfaces, one pair of tweezers with smooth round tips, forceps similar to b but having tips padded with rubber for laying groups on velvet surfaces, small pap...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the fiber length and length distribution in loose cotton fibers.
Note 1: For another method for measuring fiber length, see Test Method D1447.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is not recommended for acceptance testing because the information obtained is qualitative rather than quantitative in nature.  
5.2 The response of fibers to the dye mixture is indicative of the uniformity of dyeing, the probability of dyeing defects due to neps, and the difficulties to be expected from heterogeneity of fibers that differ in dyeing characteristics. In general, the red dye is retained predominantly by the thick-walled fibers and the green by the thin-walled fibers.  
5.3 The color response of the specimens to the dyes in the binary mixture reflects the behavior to be expected with many other dyes. The colors from red to green may be influenced by factors such as weather during the growing period, exposure of open bolls in the field before harvest, natural color, fineness, and degree of wall development.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test for the characterization of certain dyeing behavior of cotton. This practice is especially applicable to raw cotton fibers, but may also be adapted to cotton yarns and fabrics.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Information regarding the percentage of immature fibers is desirable because immature fibers: (1) break easily during processing; (2) have a tendency to form neps; (3) have a tendency to become entangled around particles of trash and leaf, thus making cleaning more difficult and increasing the amount of fiber removed with foreign matter; (4) adversely affect yarn and fabric appearance; and (5) may appear differently after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with linear density, but genetic differences and differences in wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship. Thus two cottons having the same linear density, or having the same average wall thickness as indicated by air-flow instruments, may vary greatly in maturity, that is, a cotton having extremely variable wall thickness may contain more immature fibers than another cotton of the same Micronaire reading composed of fibers having very uniform wall thickness.  
5.3 The Sodium Hydroxide Swelling (Procedure 1) has been used in judging other maturity tests such as the Causticaire and the differential dye methods, in which the individual fibers are not examined.  
5.4 Finer distinctions between different degrees of fiber wall development can be made with the Polarized Light procedure than with the Sodium Hydroxide Swelling procedure. The Polarized Light procedure gives a view of the fiber in its natural state so that fibrillar structure, striations, reversals, etc., are clearly visible as are growth abnormalities and variations in wall thickness. This method may be preferred by botanists, geneticists, and plant physiologists, while the Sodium Hydroxide Swelling procedure may be preferred for routine testing of large numbers of samples. Technicians are more easily trained for the latter method. Arbitrary classification as to maturity must be made with both methods.  
5.5 This method is not considered satisfa...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percentage of mature fibers in a sample of loose, chemically untreated cotton fibers, whether taken before processing or unravelled from a textile product.  
1.2 This test method gives two optional procedures for determining maturity, as follows:  
1.2.1 Procedure 1—Sodium Hydroxide Swelling.  
1.2.2 Procedure 2—Polarized Light.  
Note 1: For other test methods for the determination of maturity of cotton fibers refer to Test Methods D1464 and D2480.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.  
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.  
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.  
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D123.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Entangled cotton fibers that form neps have two sources: those that occur naturally as the cotton fiber develops on the plant into lint that is ready to be harvested and those that occur from mechanical action in harvesting, ginning, cleaning, carding or from a combination of mechanical action.  
5.2 This test method does not identify whether the neps counted and measured are a result of seed variety, environmental influences, type of harvesting, or a result of mechanical processing. However, this information can be obtained from studies where samples are taken from plants in the field before harvesting and ginning, before and after cleaning, and carding before spinning.  
5.3 The measurement of nep size and quantity going into, and coming out of, a fiber processing stage are commonly used to make adjustments in the processing machinery to reduce or eliminate the generation of mechanical neps. Neps that remain in spun yarns have a direct influence on neps in fabrics. For almost all types of yarn or fabric, neps are considered defects.  
5.4 This test method provides a consistent and repeatable measurement of fiber nep count and size. Check cotton samples supplied by the manufacturer are used to verify consistent measurement levels and laboratory-to-laboratory precision.  
5.5 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories or more, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. At a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are ran...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the quantity and size of neps in cotton using various instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended for testing ginned cotton and cotton taken from various fiber processing stages.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Information regarding the percentage of immature fibers is desirable because immature fibers: (1) break easily during processing; (2) have a tendency to form neps; (3) have a tendency to become entangled around particles of trash and leaf, thus making cleaning more difficult and increasing the amount of fiber removed with foreign matter; ( 4) adversely affect yarn and fabric appearance; and ( 5) may appear differently after dyeing.
Maturity has a high positive correlation with linear density, but genetic differences and differences in wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship. Thus two cottons having the same linear density, or having the same average wall thickness as indicated by air-flow instruments, may vary greatly in maturity, that is, a cotton having extremely variable wall thickness may contain more immature fibers than another cotton of the same Micronaire reading composed of fibers having very uniform wall thickness.  
The Sodium Hydroxide Swelling (Procedure 1) has been used in judging other maturity tests such as the Causticaire and the differential dye methods, in which the individual fibers are not examined.  
Finer distinctions between different degrees of fiber wall development can be made with the Polarized Light procedure than with the Sodium Hydroxide Swelling procedure. The Polarized Light procedure gives a view of the fiber in its natural state so that fibrillar structure, striations, reversals, etc., are clearly visible as are growth abnormalities and variations in wall thickness. This method may be preferred by botanists, geneticists, and plant physiologists, while the Sodium Hydroxide Swelling procedure may be preferred for routine testing of large numbers of samples. Technicians are more easily trained for the latter method. Arbitrary classification as to maturity must be made with both methods.
This method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percentage of mature fibers in a sample of loose, chemically untreated cotton fibers, whether taken before processing or unravelled from a textile product.  
1.2 This test method gives two optional procedures for determining maturity, as follows:
1.2.1 Procedure 1—Sodium Hydroxide Swelling.
1.2.2 Procedure 2—Polarized Light.
Note 1—For other test methods for the determination of maturity of cotton fibers refer to Test Methods D1464 and .  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is accepted for testing of bales of raw cotton in commercial shipments.
This test method describes acceptable practices for testing of raw cotton using cotton classification instruments that are capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, length, uniformity index, strength, Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of color, trash content, micronaire, upper half mean length (length), uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) of raw cotton for cotton marketing using a cotton classification instrument.
1.2 This test method is applicable to Upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) raw cotton.
1.3 This test method is applicable to roller and saw ginned raw cottons.
1.4 This test method contains the following sections. Section Color8-11 Trash Content12-15 Micronaire Reading16-19 Upper Half Mean Length (Length) and Uniformity Index20-23 Breaking Tenacity (Strength)24-27
1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The reliability of the results of any test method depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material or lot. Failure to provide a test specimen which accurately represents the lot from which it is drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the accuracy and precision of the test method.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing the lot sample through a series of steps to produce test specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for the determination of fiber properties according to established procedures.
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration testing and research.
Note 1—This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, , D2812, D5866 and D5867.
1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in this practice. See Test Method D2495.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is accepted for testing of bales of raw cotton in commercial shipments.  
4.2 This test method describes acceptable practices for testing of raw cotton using cotton classification instruments that are capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, length, uniformity index, strength, Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of color, trash content, micronaire, upper half mean length (length), uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) of raw cotton for cotton marketing using a cotton classification instrument.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) raw cotton.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to roller and saw ginned raw cottons.  
1.4 This test method contains the following sections.    
Section  
Color  
8-11  
Trash Content  
12-15  
Micronaire Reading  
16-19  
Upper Half Mean Length (Length) and Uniformity Index  
20-23  
Breaking Tenacity (Strength)  
24-27
1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful for establishing and maintaining standard lighting conditions in cotton classing rooms. This permits the classer to make a valid assessment of the color grade of cotton. The cotton classer attempts to classify cotton on the basis of the color the sample and the standard would have in daylight. It is essential that the lighting in a classing room is constant and that it makes the color of cotton appear as nearly as possible as it would in natural daylight.
Uniform lighting conditions permit classers to go from one classing room to another without having to make adjustments for wide differences in the amount and quality of lighting.
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1.1 This practice covers practices in general use in the United States for lighting cotton classing rooms, provides general background information regarding the development and establishment of these practices, and prescribes a test method for appraising the color quality of lamps procured for this purpose.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this practice is to provide guiding principles for the use of reference standard cottons for the standardization of instruments and techniques to obtain reproducible test results (within statistical limits) when the tests are performed on samples of cotton fibers by the same or different operators at the same or different times, both within the same laboratory and in different laboratories.
Results obtained on cotton fiber tests on the same sample may vary widely due to differences in instruments and operator techniques. Some variation in test result levels can be controlled by the physical adjustment of instruments in accordance with manufacturers' instruction. Instrument adjustments are made only to cause instrument values to coincide with specified calibration points established by the manufacturer. Other variations in cotton fiber test results are caused by differences in technique used in specimen preparation, errors in reading test values from scales, variation in the reference standard, and sampling errors in specimen selection. It is necessary that the mean value of at least four sets of determinations per operator-instrument be used in order to form a sound basis for any adjustment of technique or for the use of correction factors.  
In comparing results of different operators and different laboratories, for example, between the purchaser and the seller, it is essential that all results be obtained on replicate specimens. Values obtained on individual samples, as well as on a reference standard are never absolute, but have a normal variation about their mean due to heterogeneity of the sample. Therefore confidence limits of a test value are dependent upon the within laboratory variance for the test and the sampling error. The level of the results in different laboratories will be comparable only to the extent of the use of the same reference standards in both laboratories.
Any one set of determinations on a reference standard may be with...
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1.1 This practice covers the use of reference standard cottons for the standardization of instruments and techniques used to test cotton fibers in various laboratories.
1.2 Standardization may be achieved by application of a correction factor based on the reference standards, or by modification of the technique in use.  
Note 1—When reference standards are used to develop correction factors, or to adjust an operator's technique, no instrument calibration processes are involved. The term “Calibration” is properly used for the application or assignment of permanent scales or marks to an instrument. Adjustments can be made to specific instruments and accessories such as orifices, metallic strips, or cellophane sheets, in order to obtain the prescribed values with a specific instrument. Since an operator's technique or the interpretation of a method or procedure is inherently variable, it cannot be calibrated, that is, assigned a permanent, definite value. The use of reference standards, however, affords a means for standardizing techniques and checking the reliability of observed results.
1.3 This practice recognizes two types of reference standards: (1) calibration cotton standards (see 6.1) and (2) working cotton standards (see 6.2).
1.4 The instructions included in this practice can be used with cotton fibers in any form suitable for testing with the particular instrument to be used.
1.5 The instructions in the practice are applicable to cotton fibers but can also be applied to specific blends of cotton and other fibers, or to other fibers that can be tested with the instruments designed for testing cotton fibers. No information is available, however, to show that test procedures standardized with reference cotton samples are equally reliable with various cotton fiber blends or with other fibers.  
Note 2—Standardization procedures covered in this practice are recommended for use with the following: Test Meth...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast method for determining the length and length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.
Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors.
Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial staple length classifications and also provide additional information on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton quality information provided by these results is used in research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, and for other purposes.
Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber is caught randomly along its length.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectric measurement. The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or some types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns, fabrics or to 100 % synthetic fibers.
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models of the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
Note 1—Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph Models were included in the text of Test Method D1447 in 1971 and previous editions.
Note 2—For other methods covering the measurement of the length of cotton fibers refer to Test Method D1440.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The array method provides objective measurements for determining the fiber length and length distribution in a sample of cotton. The results can be plotted to show the length-weight distribution of all the fibers in the sample. Data obtained from array tests are useful in fiber length research studies, for investigation of changes in fiber length distribution in ginning and mill processing, and for other research purposes.
Upper quartile length is correlated with, but usually longer than, Fibrograph and 2.5 % span length as defined in Test Method D1447. Judgment must be used in making comparisons between length measures from arrays and measures obtained by other methods, which may be basically different.
The coefficient of length variation is a measure of length distribution, or nonuniformity of length. Because the fiber weight-length distribution is usually highly skewed, statistical judgments based on the assumption of normality are not justified.
The array method makes a physical separation of fibers of different lengths. It therefore serves as a standard, or benchmark, with which other methods may be compared and by which their precision and accuracy may be judged.
Test Method D1440 for testing length and length distribution of cotton fibers (array method) is not commonly used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
a and cBanks of combs.
bForceps, tips padded with hard leather, for transferring fibers from one set of combs to the other.
dDepressor for placing fibers in combs.
fDissecting needle.
gFork for scooping up fiber groups off velvet surface.
hAluminum plate covered with velvet cloth.
iSpecial rule for measuring length of fiber groups.
kSmooth plate for placing fibers onto velvet surfaces.
lWire rack for holding fiber groups wrapped in papers.
mSmooth pointed tweezers.
nLift for raising combs in place.
oRack for holding velvet-covered boards.
pVelvet-covered boards on which several pulls have been arrayed.
...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the fiber length and length distribution in loose cotton fibers.  
Note 1—For another method for measuring fiber length, see Test Method D1447.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide standardization in the value setting of calibration cotton standards to be used for cotton classification instrument calibration.  
5.2 The practice provides procedures for the value setting for calibration cotton standards. These procedures are for use by cotton fiber testing organizations that establish standard values on candidate bales that will be utilized as calibration cotton standards for cotton classification instruments on the level of the benchmark cottons.Note 1—Benchmark cottons are of high value and of limited supply. Long term accuracy and stability of the internationally recognized USDA cotton standards are dependent on long term maintenance of the benchmark cottons. Therefore, distribution of the benchmark cottons will be tightly controlled by the USDA.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for the development of calibration cotton standards by establishing cotton fiber values for micronaire, length, uniformity index, and strength. The purpose of calibration cotton standards is for calibration of cotton classification instruments to the level of the internationally recognized United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Benchmark Reference Cotton Standards. The USDA has established calibration cotton standards for domestic upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) cottons and this practice provides an instruction for other geographical regions to establish their own calibration cotton standards for cotton classification instruments.  
1.2 This practice shall be used for the establishment of calibration cottons for the testing of Upland and ELS cottons.  
1.3 Only saw ginned cottons shall be used in this practice. Roller gin cottons are not valid for use due to higher measurement variability.  
1.4 The calibration cotton established by this practice is not valid for use as a micronaire calibration standard. The micronaire standard value is not for the instrument calibration of the micronaire module; it is utilized by the instrument for the correction of the strength measurement during the calibration routine.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing the moisture content of cotton can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of lint cotton provided the between-laboratory bias is known.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories, or more, comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. Compare the test results from the two laboratories using a statistical test for unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Information on the moisture content of cotton is desirable since the physical properties of cotton are significantly affected by its moisture content. High moisture content increases flexibility, toughness, elongation, and tensile strength. Too high a moisture content causes difficulty in processing due to the tendency of the stock to “lap-up” on drafting rolls. Low moisture, on the other hand, facilitates cleaning but increases the brittleness of the fiber and results in fiber breakage during ginning, cleaning, and mill processing. Low moisture also increases fly waste and may cause manufacturing difficulties due to static electricity.  
5.3 Variations in the amount of moisture present affect the mass and hence the market value of a lot of material sold at a definite price per unit mass. Knowledge of the moisture content or regain can be accordingly an important financial consideration.  
5.4 Moisture content variation affects lap, sliver, and roving linear density which ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture in cotton by oven-drying and is applicable to raw cotton, cotton stock in process, and cotton waste.  
1.2 This test method may also, by agreement, be used for determining moisture in blends of cotton with other fibers.  
1.3 This test method offers alternative procedures for weighing the dried specimens, one procedure using an oven balance (9.3) and the other using a desiccator (9.4). Note 1—For other methods of determination of moisture in textile materials refer to Test Method D2654, which includes two options based on drying in an oven, and one option based on distillation with an immiscible solvent: Methods D885, Test Method D1576, Test Method D2462.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for testing cotton for non-lint content is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since it is the best available procedure for obtaining objective data.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
This test method gives data on the non-lint content of raw cotton which can be used as a basis for: (1) estimating the net amount of manufactured textile product obtainable from raw cotton; (2) predicting the quality of cotton textile products, particularly their aesthetic properties; (3) assembling and blending bales in a mix on a non-lint content basis; (4) adjusting ginning and textile processing machines for maximum efficiency in cleaning lint; and (5) relating non-lint content of cotton to end-product quality and processing efficiency.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-lint content of cotton using the Shirley Analyzer. The cotton may be in the form of (1) raw stock, that is, cotton fiber that has been separated from the seed by ginning; (2) partially processed cotton, such as picker lap or sliver; or (3) ginning or processing waste, such as obtained from ginning, opening and cleaning, picking, carding, or combing machines.
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining non-lint content of cotton by use of the Shirley Analyser.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
This test method is useful in research studies to determine the influence of variety, environment, and processing on fiber strength and elongation; and in studies of the relationships between these fiber properties, processing performance, and quality of end-product.
Values obtained for flat bundle tenacity and elongation show a high correlation with values measured on single fibers and require much less time and skill.
Studies have shown that strength measurements obtained with different types of instruments are highly correlated, but the results are on different levels.  
By use of correction factors calculated from tests made on standard calibration samples of known or established test values, the results obtained with different types of instruments at a specified gauge length can be adjusted to comparable levels. Due to the normal variation in cottons, strength test results for one gauge length ca...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of (1) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat bundle using a nominal zero gauge length, or (2) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with 1/8-in. [3.2-mm] clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose ginned cotton fibers of untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained from a textile product.
1.2 This test method is designed primarily for use with special fiber bundle clamps and special strength testing instruments but may be used with other tensile strength and elongation testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the fiber clamps.
Note 1—Other methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Method D1294, Test for Breaking Strength of Wool Fiber Bundles1 in gauge Length; and D5867, Test Method for Measurement of Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers by High Volume Instruments.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is not recommended for acceptance testing because the information obtained is qualitative rather than quantitative in nature.
The response of fibers to the dye mixture is indicative of the uniformity of dyeing, the probability of dyeing defects due to neps, and the difficulties to be expected from heterogeneity of fibers that differ in dyeing characteristics. In general, the red dye is retained predominantly by the thick-walled fibers and the green by the thin-walled fibers.
The color response of the specimens to the dyes in the binary mixture reflects the behavior to be expected with many other dyes. The colors from red to green may be influenced by factors such as weather during the growing period, exposure of open bolls in the field before harvest, natural color, fineness, and degree of wall development.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test for the characterization of certain dyeing behavior of cotton. This practice is especially applicable to raw cotton fibers, but may also be adapted to cotton yarns and fabrics.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The water content of raw or lint cotton determined by this test method, calculated from the required volume of reagent, may be greater, equal to or less than the moisture content measured by standard oven drying methods. These differences may be of significance in commercial transactions (1-3) (see also Appendix X2). Water content by this method is not to be considered the same attribute as moisture content.
Standard test methods using volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer reagent are two of the most widely used procedures for the determination of water.
The volumetric method is typically used for the routine determination of water in the mass percent range of concentrations. If samples contain very low levels of water, the coulometric technique should be considered (see Test Methods D1533, E1064).
This test method for testing the water content of cotton can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of lint cotton, manufacturing control and calibration of fast, indirect sensors to measure water.
Information on the water content of cotton is desirable since the physical properties of cotton are significantly affected by its water content. Variations in the amount of water present, or its regain, affect the mass and hence the market value of a lot of material.
The observed volume of Karl Fischer reagent used in this test method to analyze a specimen represents the water in the absence of side reactions in an oven supplied with air (3).
Note 2—Side reactions in cotton that confound the actual weight loss due to water have been demonstrated in two laboratory ovens and a thermogravimetric analysis oven supplied with air (3). This results in an approximation regarding the actual amount of water in cotton based on mass loss by drying. If the moisture content by oven drying agrees with the water content measured by Karl Fischer titration, the one-to-one correspondence may be coincidental due to the presence of both negative and positive biases in...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total amount of water (free and bound) in raw and lint cotton at moisture equilibrium from conditioning in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Note 1—For other methods of determination of moisture in lint cotton that do not specify conditioning to moisture equilibrium, refer to Test Methods D2495 and D1348.
1.2 This test method requires the use of oven evaporation to remove all of the water in the fiber matrix, volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration to determine water content and water regain, and control current potentiometry to detect the end point.
1.3 This test method is not intended for use with potentiometric (zero current) and coulometric Karl Fischer titrators (see Test Methods D1533, D4377 and E1064), nor is this test method intended to be used with methanol extracts of cotton (See Test Methods D1348).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary warnings see 9.1.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.  
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.  
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.  
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D123.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.  
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.  
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.  
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D123.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D 7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D 123.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D123.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast method for determining the length and length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.
Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors.
Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial staple length classifications and also provide additional information on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton quality information provided by these results is used in research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, and for other purposes.
Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber is caught randomly along its length.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectric measurement. The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or some types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns, fabrics or to 100 % systhetic fibers.
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models of the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
Note 1—Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph Models were included in the text of Test Method D 1447 in 1971 and previous editions.
Note 2—For other methods covering the measurement of the length of cotton fibers refer to Test Method D 1440.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast method for determining the length and length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.
Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors.
Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial staple length classifications and also provide additional information on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton quality information provided by these results is used in research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, and for other purposes.
Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber is caught randomly along its length.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectric measurement. The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or some types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns, fabrics or to 100 % systhetic fibers.
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models of the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
Note 1—Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph Models were included in the text of Test Method D 1447 in 1971 and previous editions.
Note 2—For other methods covering the measurement of the length of cotton fibers refer to Test Method D 1440.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this practice is to provide guiding principles for the use of evaluation cottons and evaluation samples for the qualification of cotton classification instruments.
The cotton classification instruments qualified under this practice shall be capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index, breaking tenacity (strength), Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
This practice provides guidelines for users of cotton classification instruments to perform standardized testing that will ensure that test results are within acceptable tolerances (see tables below) for the marketing of cotton bales.
A test of the upper half mean length, uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) shall consist of an average of two (2) specimens that are prepared by an automatic mechanical sampler.
A test of the color and trash shall consist of an average of four (4) measurements with a 90 degree rotation of the color evaluation fiber samples between measurements on each sample.
The micronaire test shall consist of a single measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides two options for the qualification of cotton classification instruments: option 1, newly installed cotton classification instrumentation, or option 2, annual verification of cotton classification instrumentation using evaluation cottons, trash evaluation images, and color evaluation fiber samples for the fiber measurements of micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index, breaking tenacity (strength), Rd (color reflectance), +b (color yellowness), percent area (trash), and particle count (trash).
1.2 This practice covers the technical requirements to validate the consistency of data reported by a cotton classification instrument.
1.2.1 The practice can be used when new equipment is installed or it can be used to perform annual verification for consistency of reported data.
1.2.2 The practice can be used to qualify cotton classification instruments using evaluation cottons, trash evaluation images, and color evaluation fiber samples. These data can be used for fiber measurements of micronaire reading, upper half mean length, uniformity index, strength, color reflectance, and trash.
1.3 The values stated in English units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of reference standard cottons for the standardization of instruments and techniques used to test cotton fibers in various laboratories.
1.2 Standardization may be achieved by application of a correction factor based on the reference standards, or by modification of the technique in use. Note 1
When reference standards are used to develop correction factors, or to adjust an operator's technique, no instrument calibration processes are involved. The term "Calibration" is properly used for the application or assignment of permanent scales or marks to an instrument. Adjustments can be made to specific instruments and accessories such as orifices, metallic strips, or cellophane sheets, in order to obtain the prescribed values with a specific instrument. Since an operator's technique or the interpretation of a method or procedure is inherently variable, it cannot be calibrated, that is, assigned a permanent, definite value. The use of reference standards, however, affords a means for standardizing techniques and checking the reliability of observed results.
1.3 This practice recognizes two types of reference standards: (1) calibration cotton standards (see ) and (2) working cotton standards (see ).
1.4 The instructions included in this practice can be used with cotton fibers in any form suitable for testing with the particular instrument to be used.
1.5 The instructions in the practice are applicable to cotton fibers but can also be applied to specific blends of cotton and other fibers, or to other fibers that can be tested with the instruments designed for testing cotton fibers. No information is available, however, to show that test procedures standardized with reference cotton samples are equally reliable with various cotton fiber blends or with other fibers.Note 2
Standardization procedures covered in this practice are recommended for use with the following: Test Methods D 1440, D 1445, D 1447, and D 1448.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture in cotton by oven-drying and is applicable to raw cotton, cotton stock in process, and cotton waste.
1.2 This test method may also, by agreement, be used for determining moisture in blends of cotton with other fibers.
1.3 This test method offers alternative procedures for weighing the dried specimens, one procedure using an oven balance () and the other using a desiccator (9.4). For other methods of determination of moisture in textile materials refer to Test Method D 2654, which includes two options based on drying in an oven, and one option based on distillation with an immiscible solvent: Methods D 885, Test Method D 1576, Test Method D 2462.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units are included in this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the fiber length and length distribution in loose cotton fibers. Note 1
For another method for measuring fiber length, see Test Method D 1447.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful for establishing and maintaining standard lighting conditions in cotton classing rooms. This permits the classer to make a valid assessment of the color grade of cotton. The cotton classer attempts to classify cotton on the basis of the color the sample and the standard would have in daylight. It is essential that the lighting in a classing room is constant and that it makes the color of cotton appear as nearly as possible as it would in natural daylight.
Uniform lighting conditions permit classers to go from one classing room to another without having to make adjustments for wide differences in the amount and quality of lighting.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers practices in general use in the United States for lighting cotton classing rooms, provides general background information regarding the development and establishment of these practices, and prescribes a test method for appraising the color quality of lamps procured for this purpose.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing because the information obtained is qualitative rather than quantitative in nature (see Section 12).
The response of fibers to the dye mixture is indicative of the uniformity of dyeing, the probability of dyeing defects due to neps, and the difficulties to be expected from heterogeneity of fibers that differ in dyeing characteristics. In general, the red dye is retained predominantly by the thick-walled fibers and the green by the thin-walled fibers.
The color response of the specimens to the dyes in the binary mixture reflects the behavior to be expected with many other dyes. The colors from red to green may be influenced by factors such as weather during the growing period, exposure of open bolls in the field before harvest, natural color, fineness, and degree of wall development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a test for the characterization of certain dyeing behavior of cotton. This test method is especially applicable to raw cotton fibers, but may also be adapted to cotton yarns and fabrics.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for testing cotton for non-lint content is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since it is the best available procedure for obtaining objective data.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
This test method gives data on the non-lint content of raw cotton which can be used as a basis for: (1) estimating the net amount of manufactured textile product obtainable from raw cotton; (2) predicting the quality of cotton textile products, particularly their aesthetic properties; (3) assembling and blending bales in a mix on a non-lint content basis; (4) adjusting ginning and textile processing machines for maximum efficiency in cleaning lint; and (5) relating non-lint content of cotton to end-product quality and processing efficiency.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-lint content of cotton using the Shirley Analyzer. The cotton may be in the form of (1) raw stock, that is, cotton fiber that has been separated from the seed by ginning; (2) partially processed cotton, such as picker lap or sliver; or ( 3) ginning or processing waste, such as obtained from ginning, opening and cleaning, picking, carding, or combing machines.
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining non-lint content of cotton by use of the Shirley Analyser.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The reliability of the results of any test method depend primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material. Much time and effort are required, and can justifiably be spent, to be sure that all the sampling operations are at random and are representative. Failure to provide a test specimen which accurately represents the material from which it is drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the accuracy and precision of the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample, at the source, of cotton fibers and reducing this sample through a series of steps to provide a relatively small test specimen of loose cotton fibers, representative of the source material and suitable for the determination of a single property, or a series of fiber properties, according to established procedures.
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration testing and research.
1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in this practice. See Test Method D 2495. Note 1This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by Test Methods D 1440, D 1442, D 1445, D 1447, D 1448, D 1464, D 2480, D 2496, and D 2812.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percentage of mature fibers in a sample of loose, chemically untreated cotton fibers, whether taken before processing or unravelled from a textile product.
1.2 This test method gives two optional procedures for determining maturity, as follows:
1.2.1 Procedure 1Sodium Hydroxide Swelling.
1.2.2 Procedure 2Polarized Light. For other test methods for the determination of maturity of cotton fibers refer to Test Methods D 1464 and D 2480.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of (1) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat bundle using a nominal zero gage length, or ( 2) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose fibers of untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained from a textile product.
1.2 This test method is designed primarily for use with special fiber bundle clamps and special strength testing instruments but may be used with other tensile strength and elongation testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the fiber clamps. Other methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Method D 1294, Test for Breaking Strength of Wool Fiber Bundles-1 in gage Length; and D 5867, Test Method for Measurement of Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers by High Volume Instruments.
1.3 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other, without combining values in any way.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of (1) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat bundle using a nominal zero gage length, or (2) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose fibers of untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained from a textile product.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in June 2004 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantity and size of neps in cotton using the AFIS-N instrument.
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for testing raw and processed cotton fibers.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for determining micronaire reading of cotton fibers is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments when the levels are controlled by use of a full range of calibration cotton standards.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
The micronaire reading of cotton fibers is a function of both fineness and maturity and is related to mill processing performance and to the quality of the end products. Factors correlated with micronaire reading include cleaning efficiency, neppiness, and the strength and uniformity of the yarn.
Note 2—A modification of this test method is used in commercial trading to select bales which will conform to contract guarantees for specified micronaire readings. For this purpose, it is usual practice to test only one specimen per sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the resistance of a plug of cotton fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions. Note 1For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers based on the air-flow principle, refer to Test Method D 1449, Test Method for Specific Area and Immaturity Ratio of Cotton Fibers (Arealometer Method), and to Test Method D 1282, Test Method for Resistance to Air Flow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.