ASTM D153-84(2003)

Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Pigments

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determining the specific gravity of pigments, as follows:
Test Method A—For Routine Testing of Several Samples Simultaneously.
Test Method B—For Tests Requiring Greater Accuracy than Test Method A.
Test Method C—For Rapid and Accurate Testing of Single Samples.
1.2 The specific gravity value obtained by these procedures may be used with the weight of a dry pigment to determine the volume occupied by the pigment in a coating formulation.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 5, 11, and 15.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-May-2003
• ICS: 87.060.10 - Pigments and extenders
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.31 - Pigment Specifications

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D153-84(1996)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Pigments
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Replaced By: ASTM D153-84(2008) - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Pigments
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D6280-98(2020) - Standard Specification for Zinc Phosphate Pigments
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM D5201-05a(2020) - Standard Practice for Calculating Formulation Physical Constants of Paints and Coatings
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C135-96(2022) - Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water Immersion
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C329-88(2020) - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired Ceramic Whiteware Materials
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM D476-15(2021) - Standard Classification for Dry Pigmentary Titanium Dioxide Products
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 153 – 84 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Methods for
Specific Gravity of Pigments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
NOTE 1—The Weld type with the cap seal on the outside of the neck of
1. Scope
the bottle is preferred because there is less danger of trapping air just
1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determin-
under the capillary tube than with types having the ground glass seal on
ing the specific gravity of pigments, as follows:
the inside of the neck.
Test Method A—For Routine Testing of Several Samples
4.2 Water Bath, maintained at 25 6 0.5°C and equipped
Simultaneously.
with a stirring device.
Test Method B—For Tests Requiring Greater Accuracy than
4.3 Manometer, open- or closed-tube (see Part f of the
Test Method A.
apparatus for Test Method C), made of glass tubing 6 mm in
Test Method C—For Rapid and Accurate Testing of Single
diameter, fitted with rubber pressure tubing attached to a
Samples.
T-joint leading to the desiccator and the pump. For the
1.2 The specific gravity value obtained by these procedures
open-tube type 860 mm of mercury shall be used. The
may be used with the weight of a dry pigment to determine the
difference in levels of the mercury in the manometer when the
volume occupied by the pigment in a coating formulation.
system is in operation, subtracted from the barometer reading
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
taken at the same time, shall be considered the absolute
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
pressure of the system in millimetres of mercury.
only.
4.4 Desiccator, glass, constructed with heavy walls to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
withstand a vacuum of one atmosphere, and with an opening at
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the side.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.5 VacuumPumps—Alaboratorywatervacuum-typepump
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(Note 2), to remove the greater portion of air in the desiccator,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
and an oil vacuum-type pump, motor-driven, and capable of
statements, see Sections 5, 11, and 15.
reducing the absolute pressure of the system to 3 mm.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 2—The water vacuum pump may be omitted if the rate of
evacuation with the oil pump can be controlled so as to avoid a rapid
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ebullition of entrapped air and possible loss of specimen.
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
4.6 Thermometer, having a range from 0 to 60°C, and
3. Purity of Reagents
graduated in 0.1°C divisions.
3.1 PurityofWater—Referencetowatershallbeunderstood
4.7 WeighingBottle, wide-mouth cylindrical glass (about 30
to mean reagent water as defined by Type II of Specification
mm in height and 70 mm in diameter), provided with a
D 1193.
ground-glass stopper.
4.8 Immersion Liquid—Kerosine has been found to be a
TEST METHODA—FOR ROUTINE TESTING OF
good wetting vehicle for most pigments, and shall be used
SEVERALSAMPLES SIMULTANEOUSLY
generally as the immersion liquid. Refined, white kerosine of
narrow evaporation and boiling range shall be used.With some
4. Apparatus and Materials
pigments that are not wetted well with kerosine, other immer-
4.1 Pycnometer—A pycnometer (Note 1) having a 50-mL
sion liquids such as glycerin, ethylene glycol, tetrahydronaph-
capacity.
thalene, etc., may be substituted. The liquid must have a low
evaporation rate and narrow boiling range, and the same
procedure shall be followed as with kerosine. Water is not a
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications, and are the direct preferred liquid because of the possibility of frothing.
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally
e1
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 1984 as D 153 – 84 (1996) .
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 153 – 84 (2003)
5. Hazards taking care to add a sufficient quantity to prevent air bubbles
wherethepycnometerisclosed,andpermittocometoconstant
5.1 Before a desiccator is used for the first time, wrap it in
temperature at 25 6 0.5°C in the water bath. Carefully stopper
a towel and test under an absolute pressure of under 3 mm.
the pycnometer and remove excess kerosine with lens paper.
Exercise care in handling the desiccator when under vacuum,
Take the pycnometer out of the bath, allow to come to room
since a sudden jar may cause it to collapse.
temperature, and weigh.
6. Standardization of Pycnometer
8. Calculation
6.1 Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled water at 23 to
8.1 Calculate the specific gravity, S, of the pigment as
24°C, gradually bring to 25 6 0.5°C, and then dry and weigh
follows:
as specified in 7.6. Empty the pycnometer, and clean, dry, and
reweigh it. Next fill the pycnometer with kerosine at 23 to P
S 5 (2)
24°C, bring to 25 6 0.5°C, dry, and weigh as before. Calculate K
W 2
D
the specific gravity, S, of the kerosine at 25/25°C as follows:
S 5A/B (1)
where:
P = weight of pigment used, g,
W = weight of water to fill the pycnometer, g,
where:
K = weight of kerosine added to the pigment, g, and
A = weight of kerosine, g, and
D = specific gravity of the kerosine.
B = weight of water, g.
9. Precision
7. Procedure
9.1 Duplicate determinations by this test method should not
7.1 Drying—Dry the pigment, preferably in an electric
differ by more than 0.02.
oven, at 105 6 2°C for 2 h.
7.2 Weighing—Transfer to a clean, dry, weighed pycnom-
TEST METHOD B—FOR TESTS REQUIRING
eter,sufficientsampletoformalayerapproximately20mm( ⁄4
GREATERACCURACYTHAN TEST METHODA
in.) deep. For black, blue, and lake pigments of low specific
gravity, use about1gof sample; for inert crystalline pigments,
10. Apparatus (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)
about 4 g; for opaque white pigments, 7 to 10 g; and for red
10.1 Pycnometer, Water Bath, Manometer, Vacuum Pump,
lead, from 15 to 20 g. Weigh pigments of a hydroscopic nature
Thermometer, Weighing Bottle, and Immersion Liquid—See
from the weighing bottle.
Section 4; also Fig. 2 (e) and (f ).
7.3 Number of Specimens—Run all samples at least in
10.2 BellJar,glass,withatwo-holerubberstopper.Intoone
duplicate.
hole of the stopper shall be fitted a separatory funnel with a
7.4 Addition of Kerosine—Add enough kerosine to the
well-ground stopcock (Fig. 1 (c)), extending into the pycnom-
pycnometer to form a clear layer approximately ⁄4 in. (6 mm)
eter. Into the other hole of the stopper shall be fitted a glass
above the pigment. When necessary, stir the specimen with a
tube with a well-ground three-way stopcock (Fig. 2 (d)) and
polished round-bottom glass rod until completely covered by
connected with the vacuum pump (Fig. 2 (e)).The bell jar shall
kerosine, adding more kerosine if necessary.Wash the rod with
rest on a sheet of rubber, cemented or vulcanized to a glass or
kerosine, adding the washings to the pycnometer.
iron plate. With stopcock c closed and stopcock d open to the
7.5 Removal of Occluded Air—Place the pycnometer in the
pump, the system shall maintain an absolute pressure of at
desiccator. Close the desiccator and attach to the water pump
most 3 mm. A desiccator may be used instead of a bell jar.
until the greater part of the air is removed from the system.
10.3 Bottle, storage, (Fig. 2 (h)) for kerosine or other
Complete this procedure within a period of 5 to 10 min. Close
wetting liquid.
the system with a pinchcock and attach the desiccator to the oil
pump for the removal of the small amounts of air given off at
11. Hazards
the low pressures obtainable with the oil pump. Use the
11.1 Before a bell jar (or desiccator) is used for the first
manometer to indicate whether the oil pump is giving the
time, test under a vacuum as described in Section 5.
proper vacuum. When the manometer indicates that the abso-
lute pressure is 3 mm and constant, cut off the oil pump for
short periods, taking care that the vacuum d
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