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ASTM C1424-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Monotonic Compressive Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

Standard Test Method for Monotonic Compressive Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Generally, resistance to compression is the measure of the greatest strength of a monolithic advanced ceramic. Ideally, ceramics should be compressively stressed in use, although engineering applications may frequently introduce tensile stresses in the component. Nonetheless, compressive behavior is an important aspect of mechanical properties and performance. Although tensile strength distributions of ceramics are probabilistic and can be described by a weakest link failure theory, such descriptions have been shown to be inapplicable to compressive strength distributions in at least one study (1).3 However, the need to test a statistically significant number of compressive test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design.  
4.3 Compression tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial compressive stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, microcracking) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or compositional effects, microstructure, or environmental influences.  
4.4 The results of compression tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties in the entire, full-size product or its in-service behavior in different environments.  
4.5 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized compressive test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-proce...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of compressive strength including stress-strain behavior, under monotonic uniaxial loading of advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method is restricted to specific test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force or displacement), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Compressive strength as used in this test method refers to the compressive strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading. Monotonic loading refers to a test conducted at a constant rate in a continuous fashion, with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.  
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with advanced ceramics that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior. While this test method is intended for use on monolithic advanced ceramics, certain whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as certain discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Generally, continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior and, application of this test method to these materials is not recommended.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2015
ICS
81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1424-10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Monotonic Compressive Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Replaced By
ASTM C1424-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Monotonic Compressive Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1424 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Monotonic Compressive Strength of Advanced Ceramics at
1
Ambient Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of compres-
C773Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of
sivestrengthincludingstress-strainbehavior,undermonotonic
Fired Whiteware Materials
uniaxial loading of advanced ceramics at ambient temperature.
C1145Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
This test method is restricted to specific test specimen geom-
D695Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
etries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing
Plastics
modes (force or displacement), testing rates (force rate, stress
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Com-
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
pressive strength as used in this test method refers to the
someter Systems
compressive strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial load-
E337Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
ing. Monotonic loading refers to a test conducted at a constant
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
rate in a continuous fashion, with no reversals from test
peratures)
initiation to final fracture.
E1012Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
advanced ceramics that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, Force Application
IEEE/ASTM SI 10Standard for Use of the International
homogeneous, continuous behavior. While this test method is
intended for use on monolithic advanced ceramics, certain System of Units (SI) (The Modern Metric System
whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as
3. Terminology
certaindiscontinuousfiber-reinforcedcompositeceramicsmay
3.1 Definitions:
also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Generally,
3.1.1 The definitions of terms relating to compressive test-
continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macro-
ing appearing in Terminology E6, Test Method D695, and
scopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behav-
Terminology C1145 may apply to the terms used in this test
iorand,applicationofthistestmethodtothesematerialsisnot
method. Pertinent definitions as listed in Practice E1012,
recommended.
Terminology C1145, and Terminology E6 are shown in the
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance
following with the appropriate source given in parentheses.
withtheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)andIEEE/ASTMSI
Additional terms used in conjunction with this test method are
10.
defined in the following.
3.1.2 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
performance predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
material having specific functional attributes. (C1145)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 axial strain, n [L/L]—the average longitudinal strains
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measured at the surface on opposite sides of the longitudinal
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
axis of symmetry of the specimen by two strain-sensing
devices located at the mid length of the reduced section.
(E1012)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
2
Mechanical Properties and Performance. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
published in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C1424–10 (2015). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/C1424-15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1424 − 15
3.1.4 bending strain, n [L/L]—the difference between the dicative of the response of the material from which they were
strainatthesurfaceandtheaxialstrain.I
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1424 − 10 (Reapproved 2015) C1424 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Monotonic Compressive Strength of Advanced Ceramics at
1
Ambient Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of compressive strength including stress-strain behavior, under monotonic
uniaxial loading of advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method is restricted to specific test specimen geometries.
In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load(force or displacement), testing rates (load(force rate, stress rate,
displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Compressive
strength as used in this test method refers to the compressive strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading. Monotonic
loading refers to a test conducted at a constant rate in a continuous fashion, with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with advanced ceramics that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous,
continuous behavior. While this test method is intended for use on monolithic advanced ceramics, certain whisker- or
particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as certain discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these
macroscopic behavior assumptions. Generally, continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macroscopically exhibit
isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior and, application of this test method to these materials is not recommended.
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C773 Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware Materials
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
Application
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI) (The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The definitions of terms relating to compressive testing appearing in Terminology E6, Test Method D695, and
Terminology C1145 may apply to the terms used in this test method. Pertinent definitions as listed in Practice E1012, Terminology
C1145, and Terminology E6 are shown in the following with the appropriate source given in parentheses. Additional terms used
in conjunction with this test method are defined in the following.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2015July 1, 2015. Published April 2015October 2015. Originally published in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as
C1424 – 10.C1424 – 10 (2015). DOI: 10.1520/C1424-10R15.10.1520/C1424-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1424 − 15
3.1.2 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high-performance predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic material
having specific functional attributes. (C1145)
3.1.3
...

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FIG. 1 Four-Point-1/4-Point Flexure Loading Configuration  
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1.3 Units—When Knoop and Vickers hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in newtons (N) and length in mm or μm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are occasionally provided for information. This test method specifies that Knoop hardness be reported either in units of GPa or as a dimensionless Knoop hardness number.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1495-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Effect of Surface Grinding on Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Surface grinding can cause a significant decrease4 in the flexure strength of advanced ceramic materials. The magnitude of the loss in strength is determined by the grinding conditions and the response of the material. This test method can be used to obtain a detailed characterization of the relationship between grinding conditions and flexure strength for an advanced ceramic material. The effect on flexure strength of varying a single grinding parameter or several grinding parameters can be measured. The method may also be used to compare and rank different materials according to their response to one or more different grinding conditions. Results obtained by this method can be used to develop an optimum grinding process with respect to maximizing material removal rate for a specified flexure strength requirement. The test method can assist in the development of improved grinding-damage-tolerant ceramic materials. It may also be used for quality control purposes to monitor and assure the consistency of a grinding process in the fabrication of parts from advanced ceramic materials. The test method is applicable to grinding methods that generate a planar surface and is not directly applicable to grinding methods that produce non-planar surfaces such as cylindrical and centerless grinding.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect of surface grinding on the flexure strength of advanced ceramics. Surface grinding of an advanced ceramic material can introduce microcracks and other changes in the near surface layer, generally referred to as damage (see Fig. 1 and Ref. (1)).2 Such damage can result in a change—most often a decrease—in flexure strength of the material. The degree of change in flexure strength is determined by both the grinding process and the response characteristics of the specific ceramic material. This method compares the flexure strength of an advanced ceramic material after application of a user-specified surface grinding process with the baseline flexure strength of the same material. The baseline flexure strength is obtained after application of a surface grinding process specified in this standard. The baseline flexure strength is expected to approximate closely the inherent strength of the material. The flexure strength is measured by means of ASTM flexure test methods.
FIG. 1 Microcracks Associated with Grinding (Ref. (1))2  
1.2 Flexure test methods used to determine the effect of surface grinding are C1161 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures and C1211 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures.  
1.3 Materials covered in this standard are those advanced ceramics that meet criteria specified in flexure testing standards C1161 and C1211.  
1.4 The flexure test methods supporting this standard (C1161 and C1211) require test specimens that have a rectangular cross section, flat surfaces, and that are fabricated with specific dimensions and tolerances. Only grinding processes that are capable of generating the specified flat surfaces, that is, planar grinding modes, are suitable for evaluation by this method. Among the applicable machine types are horizontal and vertical spindle reciprocating surface grinders, horizontal and vertical spindle rotary surface grinders, double disk grinders, and tool-and-cutter grinders. Incremental cross-feed, plunge, and creep-feed grinding methods may be used.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was develop...

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ASTM
ASTM C1211-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.  
4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not necessarily be the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1323-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Ultimate Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Diametrally Compressed C-Ring Specimens at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, and characterization. Extreme care should be exercised when generating design data.  
4.2 For a C-ring under diametral compression, the maximum tensile stress occurs at the outer surface. Hence, the C-ring specimen loaded in compression will predominately evaluate the strength distribution and flaw population(s) on the external surface of a tubular component in the hoop direction. Accordingly, the condition of the inner surface may be of lesser consequence in specimen preparation and testing.
Note 1: A C-ring in tension or an O-ring in compression may be used to evaluate the internal surface.  
4.2.1 The flexure stress is computed based on simple curved beam theory (1-5).3 It is assumed that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity are identical in compression or tension, and the material is linearly elastic. These homogeneity and isotropy assumptions preclude the use of this standard for continuous fiber reinforced composites. Average grain size(s) should be no greater than one fiftieth (1/50 ) of the C-ring thickness. The curved beam stress solution from engineering mechanics is in good agreement (within 2 %) with an elasticity solution as discussed in (6) for the test specimen geometries recommended for this standard. The curved beam stress equations are simple and straightforward, and therefore it is relatively easy to integrate the equations for calculations for effective area or effective volume for Weibull analyses as discussed in Appendix X1.  
4.2.2 The simple curved beam and theory of elasticity stress solutions both are two-dimensional plane stress solutions. They do not account for stresses in the axial (parallel to b) direction, or variations in the circumferential (hoop, σθ) stresses through the width (b) of the test piece. The variations in the circumferential stresses increase with increases in width (b) and ring thicknes...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ultimate strength under monotonic loading of advanced ceramics in tubular form at ambient temperatures. The ultimate strength as used in this test method refers to the strength obtained under monotonic compressive loading of C-ring specimens such as shown in Fig. 1, where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture. This method permits a range of sizes and shapes since test specimens may be prepared from a variety of tubular structures. The method may be used with microminiature test specimens.
FIG. 1 C-Ring Test Geometry with Defining Geometry and Reference Angle (θ) for the Point of Fracture Initiation on the Circumference  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1292-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.  
5.2 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.3 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed are (1) the compression of a double-notched test specimen to determine interlaminar shear strength, and (2) the Iosipescu test method to determine the shear strength in any one of the material planes of laminated composites. Test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement having unidirectional (1D) or bidirectional (2D) fiber architecture. This test method does not address composites with 3D fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1469-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Joints of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Advanced ceramics can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, often at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 Joints are produced to enhance the performance and applicability of materials. While the joints between similar materials are generally made for manufacturing complex parts and repairing components, those involving dissimilar materials usually are produced to exploit the unique properties of each constituent in the new component. Depending on the joining process, the joint region may be the weakest part of the component. Since under mixed-mode and shear loading the load transfer across the joint requires reasonable shear strength, it is important that the quality and integrity of joint under in-plane shear forces be quantified. Shear strength data are also needed to monitor the development of new and improved joining techniques.  
5.3 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.4 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.5 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of joints in advanced ceramics at ambient temperature using asymmetrical four-point flexure. Test specimen geometries, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (that is, force or displacement control), testing rates (that is, force or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure shear strength of ceramic joints in test specimens extracted from larger joined pieces by machining. Test specimens fabricated in this way are not expected to warp due to the relaxation of residual stresses but are expected to be much straighter and more uniform dimensionally than butt-jointed test specimens prepared by joining two halves, which is not recommended. In addition, this test method is intended for joints, which have either low or intermediate strengths with respect to the substrate material to be joined. Joints with high strengths should not be tested by this test method because of the high probability of invalid tests resulting from fractures initiating at the reaction points rather than in the joint. Determination of the shear strength of joints using this test method is appropriate particularly for advanced ceramic matrix composite materials but also may be useful for monolithic advanced ceramic materials.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are noted in 8.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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