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ASTM E633-00(2005)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air

Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide presents techniques on the use of thermocouples and associated equipment for measuring temperature in creep and stress-rupture testing in air at temperatures up to 1800°F (1000°C).
Since creep and stress-rupture properties are highly sensitive to temperature, users should make every effort practicable to make accurate temperature measurements and provide stable control of the test temperature. The goal of this guide is to provide users with good pyrometric practice and techniques for precise temperature control for creep and stress-rupture testing.  
Techniques are given in this guide for maintaining a stable temperature throughout the period of test.
If the techniques of this guide are followed, the difference between “indicated”3 temperature and “true”4 temperature will be reduced to the lowest practical level.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of ANSI thermocouple Types K, N, R, and S for creep and stress-rupture testing at temperatures up to 1800°F (1000°C) in air at one atmosphere of pressure. It does not cover the use of sheathed thermocouples.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2005
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E633-00 - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800&#176F (1000&#176C) in Air
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM E139-11(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6801-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Maximum Spontaneous Heating Temperature of Art and Other Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM E21-20 - Standard Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM E292-18 - Standard Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2005

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ASTM E633-00(2005) - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in AirASTM E633-00(2005) - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air
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ASTM E633-00(2005) - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E633 − 00(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Guide for
Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing
to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E633; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide provides basic information, options, and guidelines to enable the user to apply
thermocouples, temperature measurement, and control equipment with sufficient accuracy to satisfy
the temperature requirements for creep and stress-rupture testing of materials.
1. Scope E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
etry
1.1 This guide covers the use ofANSI thermocouple Types
E574Specification for Duplex, Base Metal Thermocouple
K, N, R, and S for creep and stress-rupture testing at tempera-
Wire With Glass Fiber or Silica Fiber Insulation
tures up to 1800°F (1000°C) in air at one atmosphere of
E1129/E1129MSpecification for Thermocouple Connectors
pressure. It does not cover the use of sheathed thermocouples.
E1684Specification for Miniature Thermocouple Connec-
1.2 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
tors
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
information only. 3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 Definitions—Unless otherwise indicated, the definitions
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
given in Terminology E344 shall apply.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Classification
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.1 The following thermocouple types are identified in
Tables E230:
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.1 Type K—Nickel—10 % chromium ( + ) versus
nickel—5% (aluminum, silicon) (−),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.2 Type N—Nickel—14% chromium, 1.5% silicon (+)
E139Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,
versus nickel—4.5% silicon—0.1% magnesium (−),
and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
4.1.3 Type R—Platinum—13% rhodium (+) versus plati-
E207TestMethodforThermalEMFTestofSingleThermo-
num (−),
element Materials by Comparison with a Reference Ther-
4.1.4 Type S—Platinum—10% rhodium (+) versus plati-
moelement of Similar EMF-Temperature Properties
num (−).
E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
5. Summary of Guide
E230Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
5.1 This guide will help the user to conduct a creep or
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
stress-rupture test with the highest degree of temperature
E292Test Methods for ConductingTime-for-Rupture Notch
precision available. It provides information on the proper
Tension Tests of Materials
application of thermocouples that are used to measure and
control the temperature of the test specimen. It also points out
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical
sources of error and suggests methods to eliminate them.
TestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE28.04onUniaxialTesting.
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
6. Significance and Use
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E633–00. DOI:
10.1520/E0633-00R05.
6.1 This guide presents techniques on the use of thermo-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
couples and associated equipment for measuring temperature
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in creep and stress-rupture testing in air at temperatures up to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 1800°F (1000°C).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E633 − 00 (2005)
6.2 Since creep and stress-rupture properties are highly knownprimaryteststandard,traceabletotheNationalInstitute
sensitive to temperature, users should make every effort of Standards and Technology.
practicable to make accurate temperature measurements and
7.3 Temperature Control Equipment Requirements—Atem-
provide stable control of the test temperature. The goal of this
perature controller or temperature control system should be
guide is to provide users with good pyrometric practice and
selectedonthebasisofstability(variationsof 61°F(0.5°C)or
techniques for precise temperature control for creep and
less), and accuracy (uncertainty of 61.5°F (0.7°C) or less).
stress-rupture testing.
Generally, a control system with proportional band, automatic
6.3 Techniques are given in this guide for maintaining a
reset, and slow approach to final set point features should be
stable temperature throughout the period of test.
used. When employing an automatic feedback control system,
the tuning constants or control algorithm shall be optimized,
6.4 If the techniques of this guide are followed, the differ-
3 4
not only to maintain the test specimen at the set point without
ence between “indicated” temperature and “true” tempera-
excessive deviations, but to eliminate or limit the amount of
ture will be reduced to the lowest practical level.
overshoot upon initial heating.
7. Apparatus
NOTE 1—The same precautions regarding reference junction compen-
7.1 Instrumentation may be individual instruments, a data sation in the control device apply as in 7.2.1.
acquisition system (multipoint recorders or digital type), a
7.3.1 Configuration—The control configuration may take
computer-based control system, or a combination of these
one of several forms:
devices. (Warning—Since each thermocouple is “grounded”
7.3.1.1 The center thermocouple is connected to a control
by contacting the specimen, it is necessary that the instrumen-
loopthatstrivestomaintainthetemperatureofthecenterofthe
tationtreateachthermocoupleasisolatedor“floating”fromall
reduced section at set point. The upper and lower thermo-
other thermocouples. Neither leg should be connected to a
couplesareusedtomeasurethetemperaturesattheendsofthe
commongroundattheinstrumentationendofthesystem.Also,
reduced section. Means shall be provided to adjust the heating
equipment having a high common mode rejection ratio is
poweraboveandbelowthecentertoequalizethetemperatures.
necessary because of the proximity of strong electromagnetic
7.3.1.2 The bottom and top thermocouples may be con-
fields from the heating elements of the furnace.)
nectedtocontrolloopsthatregulatethepowertotheupperand
7.2 Temperature Measurement Instrumentation—The mea-
lower heaters independently. Thus, the end temperatures are
surement system should be able to resolve the thermocouple
maintained automatically. The center thermocouple is used
signal to 60.1°F (0.05°C). The temperature indication should
only as a monitor.
havenomorethan 61.0°F(0.5°C)uncertaintyforthepurposes
7.3.2 Control System Recalibration and Reliability—The
of this test. In addition, where specific corrections for the
control system should be subjected to routine recalibration, as
calibration of individual thermocouples or a thermocouple lot
circumstances and type of equipment dictate. The checking
is required, the capability of the instrumentation system to
procedure should include calibration of the controller and a
accommodate these data shall be considered.
sensitivity check. A calibration circuit, as shown in Appendix
7.2.1 Reference Junction Compensation:
X1, should be employed.
7.2.1.1 Thermocouples are usually calibrated to a 32°F
7.4 Heating Equipment—Furnaces should be appropriately
(0°C) reference temperature. Unless an ice point reference is
sized or adjusted relative to the workload and heat losses to
used, some means must be provided to compensate for the
provide a zone of uniform temperature across the specimen.
temperature where the thermoelectric circuit connects to the
Because creep and stress-rupture testing is usually done at
instrument (refer to MNL-12 on Reference Junctions ).
constanttemperatureandwithanunchangingfurnaceload,the
7.2.1.2 Reference junction compensation is usually per-
main requirement is a well-insulated furnace, capable of
formed within the instrumentation itself. Most devices or
achieving the desired temperatures. The top and bottom open-
electronic data acquisition systems measure the temperature
ings should be closed to limit convection losses, but the
where the thermoelements connect to the input terminals and
furnace should not be sealed airtight.
introduce a compensating emf to simulate the ice point.
7.2.1.3 The input connections shall be isothermal and
8. Hazards
shielded from sudden changes of temperature.
7.2.2 Recalibration—The accuracy of the temperature mea-
8.1 The duration of a creep test ranges from a few hours to
surement equipment may be affected by component aging,
several hundred hours at elevated temperatures, at least par-
environment, handling, or wear. Therefore, a periodic recali-
tially unattended by operators. Such tests are normally ended
bration of the measuring instrumentation with a checking
beforetestspecimenfailure.Stress-rupturetestsmayoperateat
instrument is necessary. The checking instrument should be of
higher stresses, higher temperatures, and for shorter times than
higher accuracy than the measurement system, and to ensure
creep tests, but they normally continue until the specimen has
conformity to national standards, it should be calibrated with a
achieved its required life or has failed.
8.2 The stability of the emf of the thermocouples and the
As defined in Practice E139 and Test Methods E292.
rapid response of the control system to any changes of
As defined in Practice E139.
temperature over the period of the test are crucial to maintain
Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement, ASTM
MNL-12. the specimen within the allowable temperature band.
E633 − 00 (2005)
8.3 Thermocouple Requirements—The requirements for (260°C) or 1600°F (870°C) forTypes K and N thermocouples,
thermocouples used for measurement are somewhat different respectively, should be discarded after one use.
from thermocouples used for control purposes (especially with
automatic feedback control systems). Of course, both require-
TABLE 1 Thermocouple and Extension Wire Tolerances and
ments may be met with one set of thermocouples that is
Calibration Uncertainties
judiciously chosen and placed.
Thermocouples, °F
8.3.1 Measurement—Thermocouples used for measurement
Typical
Temperature
are designed to represent the temperature of the specimen Type Tolerance Calibration
Range
A
Uncertainty
along its reduced section. Since only two or three thermo-
B
Standard Special
couples are used, they shall be located at places on the
K, N 32 to 2000 4 or 0.75 % 2 or 0.4 % 1.8 to 2.2
specimen that represent the average temperature of their S, R 32 to 2000 2.7 or 0.25 % 1 or 0.1 % 1.1 to 1.2
respective sections. This can be determined by a test program,
C
Extension Wire, °F
where more than the usual number of thermocouples are D
KX, NX 32 to 400 4 0.5to2
D
RX, SX 32 to 400 9 2to4
mountedalongthereducedsectiontoestablishthetemperature
Thermocouples, °C
profile.
Typical
Temperature
8.3.2 Control—Thermocouples used for control are de-
Type Tolerance Calibration
Range
A
Uncertainty
signed and placed to be sensitive to changes of or impending
B
Standard Special
changes to the temperature of the specimen. Control thermo-
K, N 0 to 1100 2.2 or 0.75 % 1.1 or 0.4 % 1 to 1.2
couple wire should be as thin as possible. However, the wire
R, S 0 to 1100 1.5 or 0.25 % 0.6 or 0.1 % 0.6 to 0.7
should not be so thin that oxidation or strain would cause emf
C
Extension Wire, °C
errors or failure during the test period.
D
KX, NX 0 to + 200 2 0.3to1
D
RX, SX 0 to + 200 5 1to2
NOTE2—Locatingacontrolthermocouplenexttotheheaterasameans
A
to limit fluctuations of temperature is not advisable. A controller with a Calibration uncertainty in an actual test depends on number of test points, media,
and reference standard used during the calibration (see Test Method E220).
wideproportionalbandandautomaticresetiscapableofcompensatingfor
B
Tolerances and uncertainties are plus or minus the indicated values expressed
the thermal lag of most furnace designs.
in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius or as a percentage of the value of the
measured temperature, whichever is greater (see Tables 1, 2, and 3 in Specifica-
9. Thermocouples
tion E230).
C
Worst case, where the temperature of the transition point differs from the
9.1 Basic Information—Information on basic thermocouple
instrument’s reference junction by 360°F (200°C).
D
characteristics and performance is available from ASTM pub- No special tolerance limits have been established, but materials with tolerances
closer than the standard limits may be available.
licationssuchasMNL-12. Stabilityoftheemfovertheperiod
of test is the most crucial requirement for a control
thermocouple, whereas accuracy of the measurement thermo-
couple is paramount for successful correlation of test results.
9.3.3 Assessment—Type K or N thermocouples should be
9.1.1 Factors affecting thermocouple selection are:
reused only after their suitability for a particular test program
atmosphere, temperature of exposure, duration of testing, and
is proven by a body of test data. Stability tests are advised,
responsetime.Thesefactorsshouldbeconsideredtodetermine
using Type R or S thermocouples as references.
type (K, N, R, or S), wire size, insulation, and installation
9.4 Types R and S Thermocouples:
methods.
9.4.1 Suitability—Types R and S are highly resistant to
9.2 Precautions—The emf output of a thermocouple is
oxidation and are therefore stable for these tests at the higher
affected by inhomogeneities in the region of a temperature
temperatures of the range. They provide the highest reproduc-
gradient. Inhomogeneities are produced by cold work,
ibility and repeatability of the several thermocouple types but
contamination, or metallurgical changes produced by tempera-
areinitiallymorecostly.Becausetheydonotdeteriorateduring
ture itself. Therefore, thermocouples should be handled care-
normal use, it is possible to reuse them. When Types R and S
fully without unnecessary stretching, bending, or twisting the
wires are no longer suitable for service, they still retain a
wires. Bending around small radii should be avoided entirely,
significant portion of their initial cost in salvage value.
especially where the wires may lie in a temperature gradient.
9.4.2
...

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5.3 Warning—Users should be aware that certain characteristics of thermocouples might change with time and use. If a thermocouple’s designed shipping, storage, installation, or operating temperature has been exceeded, that thermocouple’s moisture seal may have been compromised and may no longer adequately prevent the deleterious intrusion of water vapor. Consequently, the thermocouple’s condition established by test at the time of manufacture may not apply later. In addition, inhomogeneities can develop in thermoelements because of exposure to higher temperatures, even in cases where maximum exposure temperatures have been lower than the suggested upper use temperature limits specified in Table 1 of Specification E608/E608M. For this reason, calibration of thermocouples destined for delivery to a customer is not recommended. Because the emf indication of any thermocouple depends upon the condition of the thermoelements along their entire length, as well as the temperature profile pattern in the region of any inhomogeneity, the emf output of a used thermocouple will be unique to its installation. Because temperature profiles in calibration equipment are unlikely to duplicate those of the installation, removal of a used thermocouple to a separate apparatus for calibration is not recommended. Instead, in situ calibration by comparison to a similar thermocouple known to be good is often recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.  
1.2 These tests are intended to support quality control and to evaluate the suitability of sheathed thermocouple cable or assemblies for specific applications. Some alternative test methods to obtain the same information are given, since in a given situation, an alternative test method may be more practical. Service conditions are widely variable, so it is unlikely that all the tests described will be appropriate for a given thermocouple application. A brief statement is made following each test description to indicate when it might be used.  
1.3 The tests described herein include test methods to measure the following properties of sheathed thermocouple material and assemblies.  
1.3.1 Insulation Properties:  
1.3.1.1 Compaction—direct method, absorption method, and tension method.
1.3.1.2 Thickness.
1.3.1.3 Resistance—at room temperature and at elevated temperature.  
1.3.2 Sheath Properties:  
1.3.2.1 Integrity—two water test methods and mass spectrometer.
1.3.2.2 Dimensions—length, diameter, and roundness.
1.3.2.3 Wall thickness.
1.3.2.4 Surface—gross visual, finish, defect detection by dye penetrant, and cold-lap detection by tension test.
1.3.2.5 Metallurgical structure.
1.3.2.6 Ductility—bend test and tension test.  
1.3.3 Thermoelement Properties:  
1.3.3.1 Calibration.
1.3.3.2 Homogeneity.
1.3.3.3 Drift.
1.3.3.4 Thermoelement diameter, roundness, and surface appearance.
1.3.3.5 Thermoelement spacing.
1.3.3.6 Thermoelement ductility.
1.3.3.7 Metallurgical structure.  
1.3.4 Thermocouple Assembly Properti...

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ASTM
ASTM D6744-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Anode Carbons by the Guarded Heat Flow Meter Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a steady-state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity of carbon materials in thicknesses of less than 25 mm. The test method is useful for homogeneous materials having a thermal conductivity in the approximate range 1−4  m2 ·K/W) over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W/(m·K).
Note 1: It is not recommended to test graphite cathode materials using this test method. Graphites usually have a very low thermal resistance, and the interfaces between the specimen to be tested and the instrument become more significant than the specimen itself.  
1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Methods E1530 and C518. Significant attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E230/E230M-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples

ABSTRACT
This specification contains reference tables that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for types B, E, J, K, N, R, S, T, and C thermocouples. These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. Thermocouples and matched thermocouple wire pairs are normally supplied to the tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature. Color codes for insulation on thermocouple grade materials, along with corresponding thermocouple and thermoelement letter designations are given. Four types of tables are presented: general tables, EMF versus temperature tables for thermocouples, EMF versus temperature tables for thermoelements, and supplementary tables.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification contains reference tables (Tables 8 to 25) that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for Types B, C, E, J, K, N, R, S, and T thermocouples.2 These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. The tables contain all of the temperature-emf data currently available for the thermocouple types covered by this standard and may include data outside of the recommended upper temperature limit of an included thermocouple type.  
1.2 In addition, the specification includes standard and special tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature for thermocouples (Table 1), thermocouple extension wires (Table 2), and compensating extension wires for thermocouples (Table 3). Users should note that the stated tolerances apply only to the temperature ranges specified for the thermocouple types as given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and do not apply to the temperature ranges covered in Tables 8 to 25.  
1.3 Tables 4 and 5 provide insulation color coding for thermocouple and thermocouple extension wires as customarily used in the United States.  
1.4 Recommendations regarding upper temperature limits for the thermocouple types referred to in 1.1 are provided in Table 6.  
1.5 Tables 26 to 45 give temperature-emf data for single-leg thermoelements referenced to platinum (NIST Pt-67). The tables include values for Types BP, BN, JP, JN, KP (same as EP), KN, NP, NN, TP, and TN (same as EN).  
1.6 Tables for Types RP, RN, SP, and SN thermoelements are not included since, nominally, Tables 18 to 21 represent the thermoelectric properties of Type RP and SP thermoelements referenced to pure platinum. Tables for the individual thermoelements of Type C are not included because materials for Type C thermocouples are normally supplied as matched pairs only.  
1.7 Polynomial coefficients which may be used for computation of thermocouple emf as a function of temperature are given in Table 7. Coefficients for the emf of each thermocouple pair as well as for the emf of most individual thermoelements versus platinum are included. Coefficients for type RP and SP thermoelements are not included since they are nominally the same as for types R and S thermocouples, and coefficients for type RN or SN relative to the nominally similar Pt-67 would be insignificant. Coefficients for the individual thermoelements of Type C thermocouples have not been established.  
1.8 Coefficients for sets of inverse polynomials are given in Table 46. These may be used for computing a close approximation of temperature (°C) as a function of thermocouple emf. Inverse functions are provided only for thermocouple pairs and are valid only over the emf ranges specified.  
1.9 This specification is intended to define the thermoelectric properties of materials that conform to the relationships presented in the tables of this standard and bear the letter designations contained herein. Topics such as ordering information, physical and mechanical properties, workmanship, testing, and marking are not addressed in this specification. The user is referred to specific standards such as Specifications E235, E574, E585/E585M, E608/E608M, E1159, or E2181/E2181M for guidance in these areas.  
1.10 The temperature-emf data in this specifica...

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ASTM
ASTM E452-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.  
5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1860-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elapsed Time Calibration of Thermal Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most thermal analysis experiments are carried out under increasing temperature conditions where temperature is the independent parameter. Some experiments, however, are carried out under isothermal temperature conditions where the elapsed time to an event is measured as the independent parameter. Isothermal Kinetics (Test Methods E2070), Thermal Stability (Test Method E487), Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) (Test Methods D3895, D4565, D5483, E1858, and Specification D3350) and Loss-on-Drying (Test Methods E1868) are common examples of these kinds of experiments.  
5.2 Modern scientific instruments, including thermal analyzers, usually measure elapsed time with excellent precision and accuracy. In such cases, it may only be necessary to confirm the performance of the instrument by comparison to a suitable reference. Only rarely will it may be required to correct the calibration of an instrument's elapsed time signal through the use of a calibration factor.  
5.3 It is necessary to obtain elapsed time signal conformity only to 0.1 times the repeatability relative standard deviation (standard deviation divided by the mean value) expressed as a percent for the test method in which the thermal analyzer is to be used. For those test methods listed in Section 2 this conformity is 0.1 %.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance confirmation of the elapsed-time signal from thermal analyzers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1363-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermomechanical analyzers are employed in their various modes of operation (penetration, expansion, flexure, etc.) to characterize a wide range of materials. In most cases, the value to be assigned in thermomechanical measurements is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of all TMA thermal curves must be accurately calibrated either by direct reading of a temperature sensor or by adjusting the programmer temperature to match the actual temperature over the temperature range of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration of thermomechanical analyzers from −50 °C to 1500 °C. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7 and Note 12.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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