ASTM E694-99
(Specification)Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and tolerances for applicable instruments are given in other specifications as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conform to specifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance with Practice E542.
1.1.1 Class A -Each instrument shall be marked with the letter to signify compliance with applicable construction and accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an identification marker (serial number) at the option of the manufacturer.
1.1.2 Class B -General purpose instruments are of the same basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.
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Designation: E 694 – 99
Standard Specification for
Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 694; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 1272 Specification for Graduated Cylinders
E 1878 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common
Flasks, Special Use
to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and toler-
ances for applicable instruments are given in other specifica-
3. General Requirements
tionsascitedthroughoutthisspecification.Glassmustconform
3.1 Units of Volume—The unit of volume shall be the cubic
to specifications E 438 and be calibrated in accordance with
3 3
centimetre(cm )or,inspecialcases,thecubicdecimetre(dm )
Practice E 542.
or cubic millimetre (mm ).
1.1.1 Class A—Each instrument shall be marked with the
letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction and
NOTE 1—The term millilitre (mL) is commonly used as a special name
accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an for the cubic centimetre (cm ) and, similarly the litre for the cubic
3 3
decimetre (dm ) and the microlitre (µL) for the cubic millimetre (mm ),
identification marker (serial number) at the option of the
in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).
manufacturer.
1.1.2 Class B—Generalpurposeinstrumentsareofthesame
3.2 Standard Temperature—The standard reference tem-
basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for perature, that is, the temperature at which the article of
Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range
volumetric glassware is intended to contain or deliver its
allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified. nominal volume (nominal capacity), shall be 20°C.
NOTE 2—When it is necessary in tropical countries to work at an
2. Referenced Documents
ambient temperature considerably above 20°C, and it is not desired to use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the standard reference temperature of 20°C, it is recommended that a
C 188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
temperature of 27°C be adopted.
E 237 Specification for Microvolumetric Vessels (Volumet-
3.3 Material and Annealing—Volumetric glassware shall be
ric Flasks and Centrifuge Tubes)
constructed of glass of suitable chemical and thermal proper-
E 287 Specification for Burets
ties. It shall be as free as possible from visible defects and shall
E 288 Specification for Volumetric Flasks
conform to Specification E 671.
E 438 Specifications for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus
3.4 Limit of Error—On an article having multiple gradua-
E 542 Practice for Calibration of Volumetric Ware
tion lines, the limit of volumetric error may occur at any
E 671 Specification for Maximum Permissible Thermal Re-
graduation line unless otherwise specified. For example, on a
sidual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory Apparatus
100-mL graduated cylinder having a limit of error of 61.00
E 675 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground
mL, the volume at 10 mL could range from 9.00 to 11.00 mL.
Stopcocks and Stoppers
3.5 Stability—Vessels provided with a flat base shall stand
E 676 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground
firmly thereon without rocking when placed on a level surface
Joints
and, unless specified otherwise, the axis of the graduated
E 788 Specification for Pipet, Blood Diluting
portion of the vessel should be vertical. Except for special
E 911 Specification for Glass Stopcocks with Polytetrafluo-
cases, vessels shall not topple when placed empty and without
roethylene (PTFE) Plugs
a stopper on a surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal of
E 969 Specification for Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
15° for sizes 25 cm or greater and 10° for vessels less than 25
E 1045 Specification for Pipet, Sahli Hemoglobin
cm .Vesselsprovidedwithabasethatisnotcircularshallmeet
this requirement in all directions.
1 3.6 Stoppers and Stopcocks:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-41 on
Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 on 3.6.1 Stoppers—Glassstoppersshouldbegroundsoastobe
Apparatus.
interchangeable, in which case the ground portions shall be in
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1999. Published March 2000. Originally
accordance with Specification E 675. Stoppers of a suitable
published as E694 – 79. Last previous edition E694 – 95.
inert plastics material may be permitted as an alternative to
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 694
glass. In such cases, the glass socket into which the stopper fits ation lines shall be varied so as to be clearly distinguishable
shall be in accordance with Specification E 675. All stoppers and shall be in accordance with the following provisions:
shall bear a proper size identification.
3.9.1 Graduation Pattern I:
3.6.2 Stopcocks—Stopcocks and similar devices shall be
3.9.1.1 The length of the short lines should be approxi-
designed to permit smooth and precise control of outflow and
mately, but not less than, 50 % of the circumference of the
to prevent a rate of leakage greater than that allowed in the
article.
specification for the article and shall be in accordance with
3.9.1.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
Specification E 675. Stopcocks shall be made from glass or
mately 65 % of the circumference of the article and should
from suitable inert plastics material.
extend symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short
3.7 Graduation Lines:
lines.
3.7.1 Graduation lines shall be clean, permanent lines of
3.9.1.3 The long lines should extend completely around the
uniform vertical thickness. This thickness shall be 0.2–0.6 mm
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of
for articles not having a scale. On articles having a scale, the
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
specified thickness of the lines shall be 0.2–0.4 mm. All
3.9.2 Graduation Pattern II:
graduation lines shall lie in planes at right angles to the
3.9.2.1 The length of the short lines should be not less than
longitudinal axis of the graduated portion of the article. On
10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
articles provided with a flat base, the graduation lines shall
article.
therefore lie in planes parallel to the base.
3.9.2.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
3.7.2 In general, graduation lines should be confined to
mately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extend
cylindrical portions of an article’s cross section and should
symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.
preferably be situated not less than 10 mm from any change in
3.9.2.3 The long lines should extend completely around the
diameter. In special circumstances, preferably for Class B
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of
articles only, graduation lines may be provided on a parallel
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
side portion of noncircular cross section or on a conical or
3.9.3 Graduation Pattern III:
tapered portion of the article.
3.9.3.1 The length of the short lines should not be less than
3.7.3 On articles not having a scale, all graduation lines
10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
should extend completely around the circumference of the
article.
article, except that a gap, not exceeding 10 % of the circum-
3.9.3.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
ference, may be permitted. In the case of an article that is
mately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extend
restricted as to the normal direction of viewing in use, the gap
symmetrically at each end beyond the ends of the short lines.
should be at the right or left of the normal direction of view.
3.9.3.3 The length of the long lines should be not less than
3.8 Spacing of Graduation Lines—There should be no
twice the length of the short lines and should extend symmetri-
evident irregularity spacing of graduation lines (except in
cally at each end beyond the ends of the short and medium
special cases where the scale is on a conical or tapered portion
lines.
of the article and a change of subdivision takes place). The
3.9.4 In special cases where scales are required on noncir-
minimum distance, L, between the centers of adjacent gradu-
cular cross section or conical or tapered portions of an article,
ation lines shall be not less, in relation to diameter, than that
the requirements of 3.8.1, 3.8.2, or 3.8.3 should be modified
calculated as follows:
appropriately.
L 5 ~0.8 1 0.02D! (1)
3.10 Sequence of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 2):
3.10.1 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
where D is the maximum permitted internal diameter of the
tube in millimetres (see also Annex A1). smallest scale division is millilitre (or a decimal multiple or
submultiple thereof):
3.9 Length of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1)—On articles of
circular cross section having a scale, the length of the gradu- 3.10.1.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;
FIG. 1 Position of Graduation Lines
E 694
FIG. 2 Length and Sequence of Graduation Lines
3.10.1.2 There is a medium line midway between two 3.13 Figuring of Graduation Lines:
consecutive long lines; and
3.13.1 On articles with one graduation line, the number
3.10.1.3 There are four short lines between consecutive representing nominal capacity may be included with the other
medium and long lines.
inscriptions and need not be adjacent to the graduation line.
3.10.2 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
3.13.2 On articles having two or three graduation lines, the
smallest scale division is 2 mL (or a decimal multiple or
numbers representing nominal capacity need not be adjacent to
submultiple thereof):
the lines to which they relate, if some other more suitable
3.10.2.1 Every fifth graduation line is a long line; and
method of identification is used.
3.10.2.2 There are four short lines between two consecutive
3.13.3 On articles having one principal graduation line and
long lines.
asmallnumberofsubsidiarylines,thenumberrepresentingthe
3.10.3 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
principal capacity may be included with the other inscriptions
smallest scale division is 5 mL (or a decimal multiple or
as in 3.13.1 provided that the subsidiary graduation lines are
submultiple thereof):
suitably identified.
3.10.3.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;
3.13.4 On Articles Having a Scale:
3.10.3.2 There are four medium lines equally spaced be-
3.13.4.1 The scale shall be figured so as to enable the value
tween two consecutive long lines; and
corresponding to each graduation line to be identified readily;
3.10.3.3 There is one short line between two consecutive
3.13.4.2 The scale should have normally only one set of
medium lines or between consecutive medium and long lines.
figures;
3.11 Position of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1):
3.13.4.3 At least every tenth line shall be figured;
3.11.1 On articles graduated according to Pattern I with
3.13.4.4 Figures shall be confined to long graduation lines
vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.1, the ends of the short
and should be placed immediately above the line and slightly
graduationlinesshalllieonanimaginaryverticallinedownthe
to the right of the adjacent shorter graduation lines; and
center of the front of the article, the lines themselves extending
preferably to the left when the article is viewed from the front NOTE 3—Where long lines complying with 3.9.2 are used (that is, those
lines not extending completely around the article), an alternative scheme
in the position of normal use.
of figuring may be permitted, in which the figure is placed slightly to the
3.11.2 On articles graduated according to Pattern II or III,
right of the end of the long line in such a way that an extension of the line
with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.2 or 3.9.3, the
would bisect it.
midpoints of the short and medium graduation lines shall lie on
3.13.4.5 Where it is necessary in special cases to use a
an imaginary vertical line down the center of the front of the
number relating to a medium or short graduation line, the
article, when the article is viewed from the front in the position
number should be placed slightly to the right of the end of the
of normal use.
line in such a way that an extension of the line would bisect it.
3.12 Two scales are not permitted on the same piece of
3.14 Inscriptions:
apparatus. For example, apparatus should not be graduated in
bothfluidouncesandmillilitres(cubiccentimetres).Inthecase 3.14.1 Every instrument shall bear in permanent legible
of two units, one of which is an exact multiple of the other, characters the capacity, the temperature at which it is to be
such, for example, as drams and fluid ounces, there is no used, the method of use (that is, whether to contain or to
objective to having the 8-dr line, 16-dr line, etc., marked deliver), and on instruments that deliver through an outflow
respectively, 1 fluid oz, 2 fluid oz, etc., provided that the two nozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacity
series of numbers are placed on opposite sides of the apparatus with unrestricted outflow. The inscriptions may be engraved or
and the value of each subdivision is suitably indicated. printed provided such marking is neat and clear. Grit-blasted
E 694
serial numbers will be permitted with the same provision. 4.1.3 Dual-Purpose Flask—A flask may be graduated both
Every instrument shall bear the name or trademark of the to contain and to deliver, provided the intention of the different
maker.EveryClassAinstrumentmaybearthesymbol A.Serial marks is clearly indicated and provided the distance between
numbersmaybemarkedoneachinstrumentattheoptionofthe the two marks is not less than 1 mm.
manufacturer and detachable parts, such as stoppers, stop-
4.1.4 Special-Purpose Volumetric Flasks— Certain types of
cocks, etc., belonging thereto, if not interchangeably ground,
special-purpose volumetric flasks, such as the Engler or Say-
shallbearthesamenumber.Interchangeableground-glassparts
bolt viscosity flasks and the Kohlrausch and Stift sugar flasks,
shall be marked on both members with the proper standard
while not in conformity with all the special requir
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