ASTM C1378-04(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining
Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining
ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for the determination of the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces. A unsanded contrasting tile grout, black carbon lamp, waterproof black ink, washable ink, potassium permanganate solution, and methylene blue solutions are the staining agents required for this test method. Also, the following materials and apparatuses are needed: plain end glass test tubes; glass pipets; an oven; lintless, absorbent clothes or paper towels; distilled or deionized water; a light source; cleaning agents; hot water; weak commercial cleaning agent not containing abrasive; strong commercial cleaning agent containing abrasive; and suitable solvents such as hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces.
1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1378 − 04(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Resistance to Staining
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Apparatus
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance 3.1 Test Tubes, plain end glass test tubes with a diameter of
to staining of ceramic tile surfaces.
20 mm and a length of 150 mm.
1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining
3.2 Pipets, glass pipet with a volume of at least 50 mLwith
test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a
gradations in 1-mL increments.
specified period of time.After exposure, the surface is cleaned
3.3 Oven, capable of maintaining a constant temperature of
in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected
110 6 5°C.
visually for change.
3.4 Cloths, a supply of lintless, absorbent clothes or paper
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
towels.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.5 Distilled or Deionized Water , for preparation of the
solutions.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.6 Light Source, standard light source that supplies a 300
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
lux of illumination.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.7 Cleaning Agents.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.7.1 Hot water.
2. Staining Agents
3.7.2 Weak cleaning agent, a commercial agent, not con-
taining abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.
2.1 ContrastingGrout,unsandedtilegrout,appliedasaneat
paste. 3.7.3 Strong cleaning agent, a commercial cleaning agent
containing abrasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.
2.2 Carbon Lamp Black.
3.7.4 Suitable solvents:
2.3 Waterproof Ink Black.
3 % (v/v) HCI solution, prepared from 38 % hydrochloric
acid by adding 79 mL of the reagent hydrochloride acid
2.4 Washable Ink.
solution to 951 mL of distilled water.
2.5 Potassium Permanganate Solution, 1%, prepared from
20 % KOH solution (200 g/L), prepared by dissolving 200
g of 90 % potassium hydroxide into 1 L of distilled water.
99 % KMnO crystals, dissolve 1g of reagent into 100 mL of
Acetone (technical grade).
distilled water.
2.6 Methylene Blue Solution, 1%.
4. Samples
2.7 This test method may be used for exposing tile to any
4.1 Number of Test Specimens—One defect-free test
staining agent deemed appropriate for the expected service
specimen,whichisrepresentativeoftheentiresurface,foreach
conditions and may specify any reasonable combination of
test solution is to be used. Test specimens shall be representa-
time and temperature for the exposure period. Exposure
tive of the sample, and where tiles have different colors of
substances, time, and temperatures should be selected so as to
decorative effects, care should be taken to include all distinc-
either simulate service conditions, or accelerate staining that is
tive parts. More test specimens may be necessary to incorper-
possible under expected service conditions, or bear some other
ate all surface features.
meaningful relation to expected service conditions.
4.2 Size of Specimens—The original tile for testing should
be cut to 50- by 50-mm squares for testing with each cut piece
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 onCeramic
labeled according to the testing solution to be applied.
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
4.3 The sample surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned with
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally
a suitable solvent, such as acetone and completely dried before
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1378–04. DOI:
10.1520/C1378-04R09. testing.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1378 − 04 (2009)
4.4 The test specimens can be glazed or unglazed tile. If the 5.3.1 Procedure A—Flow of running hot water for 5 min;
tiles are glazed, then the staining agent should be applied to the the surface then is wiped with a damp cloth.
glazed surface.
5.3.2 Procedure B—Hand cleaning with the weak cleaning
agent (3.7.2); a natural, unabrading sponge or a cloth can be
5. Procedure for Staining Agent Application
used. The surface then is rinsed with running water and finally
5.1 Application of the Staining Agent:
wiped with a damp cloth.
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens thoroughly at 110 6 5°C
5.3.3 Procedure C—Mechanical cleaning such
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1378–97 Designation: C 1378 – 04 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Resistance to Staining
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces.
1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified
period of time.After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Staining Agents
2.1 Contrasting Grout, unsanded tile grout, applied as a neat paste.
2.2 Carbon Lamp Black.
2.3 Waterproof Ink Black.
2.4 Washable Ink.
2.5 Potassium Permanganate Solution, 1%, prepared from 99 % KMnO crystals, dissolve 1g of reagent into 100 mL of
distilled water.
2.6 Methylene Blue Solution, 1%.
2.7 This test method may be used for exposing tile to any staining agent deemed appropriate for the expected service conditions
and may specify any reasonable combination of time and temperature for the exposure period. Exposure substances, time, and
temperatures should be selected so as to either simulate service conditions, or accelerate staining that is possible under expected
service conditions, or bear some other meaningful relation to expected service conditions.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Test Tubes, plain end glass test tubes with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 150 mm.
3.2 Pipets, glass pipet with a volume of at least 50 mL with gradations in 1-mL increments.
3.3 Oven, capable of maintaining a constant temperature of 110 6 5°C.
3.4 Cloths, a supply of lintless, absorbent clothes or paper towels.
3.5 Distilled or Deionized Water , for preparation of the solutions.
3.6 Light Source, standard light source that supplies a 300 lux of illumination.
3.7 Cleaning Agents.
3.7.1 Hot water.
3.7.2 Weak cleaning agent, a commercial agent, not containing abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.
3.7.3 Strong cleaning agent, a commercial cleaning agent containing abrasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.
3.7.4 Suitable solvents:
3 % (v/v) HCI solution, prepared from 38 % hydrochloric
acid by adding 79 mL of the reagent hydrochloride acid
solution to 951 mL of distilled water.
20 % KOH solution (200 g/L), prepared by dissolving 200
g of 90 % potassium hydroxide into 1 L of distilled water.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1997. Published February 1998.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 onCeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.06
on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1378–04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1378 – 04 (2009)
Acetone (technical grade).
4. Samples
4.1 Number of Test Specimens—One defect-free test specimen, which is representative of the entire surface, for each test
solution is to be used. Test specimens shall be representative of the sample, and where tiles have different colors of decorative
effects, care should be taken to include all distinctive parts. More test specimens may be necessary to incorperate all surface
features.
4.2 Size of Specimens—The original tile for testing should be cut to 50- by 50-mm squares for testing with each cut piece
labeled according to the testing solution to be applied.
4.3 The sample surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned with a suitable solvent, such as acetone and completely dried before
testing.
4.4 The test specimens can be glazed or unglazed tile. If the tiles are glazed, then the staining agent should be applied to the
glazed surface.
5. Procedure for Staining Agent Application
5.1 Application of the Staining Agent:
5.1.1 Dry the test speci
...
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