C21.06 - Ceramic Tile

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means for testing combinations of tile, grout, installation materials and installation practices to determine grout retention behavior. This method can be used by installers to determine if installation materials and techniques are synergetic; by tile and grout manufacturers to evaluate product performance and as a forensic tool to determine if an installation system was appropriate.  
FIG. 1 Tile That Has Retained Grout After Testing  
4.2 It is acceptable for other (mainly unglazed) ceramic tile surfaces to have some grout retention if it is light and evenly distributed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing and evaluation of grout retention on glazed and unglazed ceramic tile surfaces and is intended to give the user a uniform procedure to make a comparative assessment of specific tile and grout systems.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This qualitative method is intended to be used to visually detect abnormal grout retention for a specific tile and installation material system installed in a specified way.  
1.4 This method is intended to evaluate the specific grout and tile system specified and is not intended for test results to encompass other tile and grout combinations.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Impact diameter may be used to interpret impact resistance.  
4.2 Maximum impact diameter may be a specified requirement for tile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for measuring impact properties of ceramic tile, bonded to a standardized concrete substrate, from a falling 2-in. steel ball.  
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating standardized laboratory test specimens and does not purport to simulate actual installed performance.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Some tile surfaces may exhibit variations under low angle conditions as part of the designed aesthetic.  
4.2 This practice is intended for tiles that are designed to have an overall uniform appearance under low angle conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice replicates low angle viewing conditions on ceramic tile installations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This qualitative practice is intended to provide general guidance at the manufacturing level to determine if product will be acceptable under typical end use conditions.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a standardized procedure for evaluating performance of ceramic floor tile installations under conditions similar to actual specific usages. It can be used to make comparisons between customary basic installation methods, to establish the influence of minor changes in a particular installation method, and to judge the merit of proposed novel methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of ceramic floor tile installation systems, using the Robinson2-type floor tester.  
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems for failure under dynamic loads and not for evaluating particular characteristics of ceramic tile, such as abrasion resistance. This test method does not claim to provide meaningful results for other than evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric (SI) units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for determining whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the warpage requirements that may appear in specifications to assure satisfactory tile installations. In accordance with this test method, warpage is calculated as a percentage of the length of the edge or diagonal being tested. It is realized that the percentage values based on the overall edge length, or on the overall diagonal length of a tile will be slightly lower than those based on the distance between reference points. However, the ratio of the overall lengths to the distance between reference points will be practically constant for any particular size of tile and, therefore, the percentage values will be comparable and equally indicative of warpage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for measuring the corner, diagonal, and edge warpages of ceramic tile.  
1.1.1 Tile Requirements for Corner, Diagonal, and Edge Warpage Measurement
Tile should be nominally flat, uniform in overall thickness, smooth faced, and rectangular in shape, including square.  
1.1.2 Tile Requirements for Corner Warpage Measurement
All facial edge dimensions equal to or greater than 2.36 in. (60 mm) in length.  
1.1.3 Tile Requirements for Edge and Diagonal Warpage Measurement
All facial edge dimensions equal to or greater than 2 in. (51 mm) in length.  
1.1.4 Trim Tile meeting the descriptions in 1.1.1 – 1.1.3 except that only a part of the tile surface is flat. (Surface trim tile should be treated as flat tile whenever possible.)  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to tile having embossed surfaces that are not flat, or that have a combination of variable body thickness and an irregular face.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifications for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control test for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being manufactured for exterior installations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equipment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic or glass tiles for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes the means of determining the LRV of a tile specimen. Certain building codes require the use of materials rated by LRV. Application of this test method provides the means for rating ceramic tile. LRVs reported for ceramic tile should include reference to the observer and illuminant for which the rating is valid.  
5.2 LRV is a property dependent on the overall color of a tile specimen. Control of LRV is achieved through control of color and adherence to color specifications will govern the acceptability of a product with respect to LRV. Therefore, a product cannot be judged as having an unacceptable LRV unless the color of the product is found to be unacceptable.  
5.3 Mixtures of several tile products are commonly installed on a surface, requiring a means to calculate LRV for a product mix. The rating obtained for an individual tile product can be used to calculate the LRV for a product mix using the following equation:
   where:  
  n  =  number of products included in the mix,    p1 to n  =  the proportion of the surface area taken up by each product; the sum of p1 to pn must equal one), and   LRV1 to n  =  the LRV for each product used.    For example, a mixture of two products is used on a surface. Two thirds of the surface area is covered by product A with a LRV of 75 %, and one third of the surface is covered by product B with an LRV of 60 % (see Fig. 2). Using the equation, the product mix is found to have an LRV of 70 %.  
FIG. 2 Example of Product Mix Used on Surface
5.4 The test method described herein provides instrumental means as the basis for judging color difference. Magnitude of color difference between pairs of ceramic tile can be determined and expressed in numerical terms.  
5.5 Based on interlaboratory investigation,3 color difference ΔE  of plain-colored tile, if determined in accordance with this test method, should give excellent reproducibility with a standard deviation of not more than σ = ±...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of Light Reflectance Value (LRV) and visually small color difference between pieces of glazed or unglazed ceramic tile, using any spectrophotometer that meets the requirements specified in the test method. LRV and the magnitude and direction of the color difference are expressed numerically, with sufficient accuracy for use in product specification.  
1.2 LRV may be measured for either solid-colored tile or tile having a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface. For tile that are not solid-colored, an average reading should be obtained from multiple measurements taken in a pattern representative of the overall sample as described in 9.2 of this test method. Small color difference between tiles should only be measured for solid-color tiles. Small color difference between tile that have a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface are not valid.  
1.3 For solid colored tile, a comparison of the test specimen and reference specimen should be made under incandescent, fluorescent and daylight illuminant conditions. The use of multiple illuminants allows the color difference measurement to be made without the risk of wrongly accepting a match when the tiles being compared are metamers (see 3.1.4).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standard...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides the means to measure the potential resistance to wear of unglazed ceramic tile intended for floor coverings. This test method does not consider physical appearance but is intended to measure durability. See Test Method C1027 for the determination of visible abrasion resistance of glazed ceramic tile.  
4.1.1 See Test Method C501 for an alternative method to determine deep abrasion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the deep abrasive wear by measuring the loss of volume resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile under given conditions by means of a rotating disc and the use of abrasive material.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for determining the breaking strength and modulus of rupture of ceramic tiles and glass tiles for compliance with requirements that may appear in specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of breaking strength and modulus of rupture of ceramic tiles and glass tiles by three-point loading.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the establishment of an abrasive wear index by determination of the loss of weight resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile by Taber Abraser. The test method consists of mounting the tile specimens in suitable holders, attaching the mounted holders to the spindle of the Taber Abraser, and subjecting the specimens to a prescribed number of revolutions under abrasive wheels of specified coarseness and under a definite applied load. The apparatus consists of Taber abrading machine, vacuum pick-up, revolution counter, wheel refacer, and balance. The procedure of sampling and mounting the test specimen are detailed. The formula for calculating the abrasive wear index from the loss of weight due to abrasion is given.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to quantify the abrasion resistance of unglazed ceramic tile and may be related to end-use performance, or used to comparatively rank material performance, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the establishment of an abrasive wear index by determination of the loss of weight resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile. It is applicable to tile described in Definitions C242.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended for testing tiles that are to be used for food counters, lavatories, and similar residential, medical, and commercial installations, where they may come in contact with food, chemical, and waste substances and for tile in areas where they may be exposed to contact with strong cleaning agents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining whether, and to what degree, ceramic tiles and glass tiles are affected by prolonged exposure to chemical substances that are commonly used in the household or for cleaning purposes as well as other more severe conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The units used for concentration in this standard are v/v, which refers to the volume of reagent/1 L of solution, and g/L, which refers to the weight of reagent, in g, to be dissolved in 1 L of water.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for the determination of the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces. A unsanded contrasting tile grout, black carbon lamp, waterproof black ink, washable ink, potassium permanganate solution, and methylene blue solutions are the staining agents required for this test method. Also, the following materials and apparatuses are needed: plain end glass test tubes; glass pipets; an oven; lintless, absorbent clothes or paper towels; distilled or deionized water; a light source; cleaning agents; hot water; weak commercial cleaning agent not containing abrasive; strong commercial cleaning agent containing abrasive; and suitable solvents such as hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance to staining of tile surfaces. This test method is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining whether ceramic tiles and glass tiles are affected by prolonged exposure to staining agents.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of determining whether or not tile of the types indicated in 1.1 can be bonded with adequate strength to portland cement paste. Tile specifications can refer to this test method in order to establish minimum bond strength limits appropriate to the service conditions that are anticipated.  
5.2 Separation between bond coat and setting bed, or breakage of the setting bed itself shall not be considered failures of tile bond.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability of ceramic tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, porcelain tile, and paver tile to be bonded to portland cement paste. Tiles may be glazed or unglazed. This test method includes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of determining whether a lot of tile meets specifications of variations in size and thickness. In specifications, the nominal size always refers to the minor facial dimension and the nominal thickness of a tile always refers to the major thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the facial dimensions and thickness of flat, rectangular ceramic wall and floor tile. This test method covers tile as defined in Terminology C242.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Mohs scratch hardness is a useful tool for determining a ceramic tile’s resistance to scratching. The resistance to scratching is determined based on a visual observation of the ceramic tile surface after an attempt to scratch the surface using a pick of known hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures to determine the Mohs scratch hardness of ceramic tile, glass tile, and other hard surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for testing glazed ceramic tile that are to be used in areas in which they may be subjected to rapid or severe temperature changes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to thermal shock of glazed ceramic tiles under normal conditions of use.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of ceramic tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, porcelain tile and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in.2 (6.4 cm2). Tiles may be glazed or unglazed.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several test methods available to measure the lead and cadmium release from dinnerware and cookware (see Test Methods C738 and C1034 and Specification C1035). These standards are used as a control to ensure the protection of the population against a possible health hazard.4 This potential hazard arises with improperly formulated, applied, fired glazes and decorations. This test method deals specifically with ceramic tile that are intended to come in contact with food during its preparation (for example, counter top tile).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramic tile that are intended for use in areas of food preparation. The procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the release of lead from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual conditions of usage of such ceramic tile. This test method is specific for lead and cadmium.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessment of the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of the abraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agent in light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasion surface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirt particles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance of tile surfaces to visible surface abrasion.  
1.2 This procedure may be used to compare tiles of like color and finish. No provisions are made for comparing tiles of dissimilar colors and/or finishes.  
1.3 Certain irregular surfaces may not be evaluated properly by this test method because of wear patterns.  
1.4 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of gloss with abrasion.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tile are normally pressed in dies having true 90° angle construction. However, minor variations in die fill, compacting pressure, and heat treatment can result in finished tile with acute and obtuse angles. This out-of-squareness results in a difference in length of opposite sides, and the tile may have the appearance of a keystone or wedge.  
4.2 Excessive wedging presents difficulties in the installation of tile. This test method provides a means for determining the degree of wedging.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wedging or deviation from rectangularity of flat, rectangular wall and floor tile. The test method covers tile as defined in Terminology C242.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes the means of determining the LRV of a tile specimen. Certain building codes require the use of materials rated by LRV. Application of this test method provides the means for rating ceramic tile. LRVs reported for ceramic tile should include reference to the observer and illuminant for which the rating is valid.  
5.2 LRV is a property dependent on the overall color of a tile specimen. Control of LRV is achieved through control of color and adherence to color specifications will govern the acceptability of a product with respect to LRV. Therefore, a product cannot be judged as having an unacceptable LRV unless the color of the product is found to be unacceptable.  
5.3 Mixtures of several tile products are commonly installed on a surface, requiring a means to calculate LRV for a product mix. The rating obtained for an individual tile product can be used to calculate the LRV for a product mix using the following equation:
   where:  
  n  =  number of products included in the mix,    p1 to n  =  the proportion of the surface area taken up by each product; the sum of p1 to pn must equal one), and   LRV1 to n  =  the LRV for each product used.    For example, a mixture of two products is used on a surface. Two thirds of the surface area is covered by product A with a LRV of 75 %, and one third of the surface is covered by product B with an LRV of 60 % (see Fig. 2). Using the equation, the product mix is found to have an LRV of 70 %.  
FIG. 2 Example of Product Mix Used on Surface
5.4 The test method described herein provides instrumental means as the basis for judging color difference. Magnitude of color difference between pairs of ceramic tile can be determined and expressed in numerical terms.  
5.5 Based on interlaboratory investigation,3 color difference ΔE  of plain-colored tile, if determined in accordance with this test method, should give excellent reproducibility with a standard deviation of not more than σ = ±...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of Light Reflectance Value (LRV) and visually small color difference between pieces of glazed or unglazed ceramic tile, using any spectrophotometer that meets the requirements specified in the test method. LRV and the magnitude and direction of the color difference are expressed numerically, with sufficient accuracy for use in product specification.  
1.2 LRV may be measured for either solid-colored tile or tile having a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface. For tile that are not solid-colored, an average reading should be obtained from multiple measurements taken in a pattern representative of the overall sample as described in 9.2 of this test method. Small color difference between tiles should only be measured for solid-color tiles. Small color difference between tile that have a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface are not valid.  
1.3 For solid colored tile, a comparison of the test specimen and reference specimen should be made under incandescent, fluorescent and daylight illuminant conditions. The use of multiple illuminants allows the color difference measurement to be made without the risk of wrongly accepting a match when the tiles being compared are metamers (see 3.1.4).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standard...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Mohs scratch hardness is a useful tool for determining a ceramic tile’s resistance to scratching. The resistance to scratching is determined based on a visual observation of the ceramic tile surface after an attempt to scratch the surface using a pick of known hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the procedures to determine the Mohs scratch hardness of ceramic tile.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for the determination of the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces. A unsanded contrasting tile grout, black carbon lamp, waterproof black ink, washable ink, potassium permanganate solution, and methylene blue solutions are the staining agents required for this test method. Also, the following materials and apparatuses are needed: plain end glass test tubes; glass pipets; an oven; lintless, absorbent clothes or paper towels; distilled or deionized water; a light source; cleaning agents; hot water; weak commercial cleaning agent not containing abrasive; strong commercial cleaning agent containing abrasive; and suitable solvents such as hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces.  
1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes the means of determining the LRV of a tile specimen. Certain building codes require the use of materials rated by LRV. Application of this test method provides the means for rating ceramic tile. LRVs reported for ceramic tile should include reference to the observer and illuminant for which the rating is valid.  
5.2 LRV is a property dependent on the overall color of a tile specimen. Control of LRV is achieved through control of color and adherence to color specifications will govern the acceptability of a product with respect to LRV. Therefore, a product cannot be judged as having an unacceptable LRV unless the color of the product is found to be unacceptable.  
5.3 Mixtures of several tile products are commonly installed on a surface, requiring a means to calculate LRV for a product mix. The rating obtained for an individual tile product can be used to calculate the LRV for a product mix using the following equation:
where:    n  =  number of products included in the mix    p1 to n  =  the proportion of the surface area taken up by each product, the sum of p1 to pn must equal one   LRV1 to n  =  the LRV for each product used    For example, a mixture of two products is used on a surface. Two thirds of the surface area is covered by product A with a LRV of 75 %, and one third of the surface is covered by product B with an LRV of 60 % (see Fig. 2). Using the equation, the product mix is found to have an LRV of 70 %.  
FIG. 2 Example of a Product Mix Used on a Surface
5.4 The test method described herein provides instrumental means as the basis for judging color difference. Magnitude of color difference between pairs of ceramic tile can be determined and expressed in numerical terms.  
5.5 Based on interlaboratory investigation,3 color difference ΔE  of plain-colored tile, if determined according to this test method, should give excellent reproducibility with a standard deviation of not more than σ = ±0.15 units....
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of Light Reflectance Value (LRV) and visually small color difference between pieces of glazed or unglazed ceramic tile, using any spectrophotometer that meets the requirements specified in the test method. LRV and the magnitude and direction of the color difference are expressed numerically, with sufficient accuracy for use in product specification.  
1.2 LRV may be measured for either solid-colored tile or tile having a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface. For tile that are not solid-colored, an average reading should be obtained from multiple measurements taken in a pattern representative of the overall sample as described in 9.2 of this test method. Small color difference between tiles should only be measured for solid-color tiles. Small color difference between tile that have a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface, are not valid.  
1.3 For solid colored tile, a comparison of the test specimen and reference specimen should be made under incandescent, fluorescent and daylight illuminant conditions. The use of multiple illuminants allows the color difference measurement to be made without the risk of wrongly accepting a match when the tiles being compared are metamers. (See 3.1.4.)  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended for testing ceramic tile that are to be used for food counters, lavatories, and similar residential, medical, and commercial installations, where they may come in contact with food, chemical, and waste substances and for tile in areas where they may be exposed to contact with strong cleaning agents.  
3.2 The specification of 10 % hydrochloric acid solution and 10 % potassium hydroxide solution as normal testing fluids, and the length of exposure time and temperature are based on experimental laboratory work and interlaboratory tests, where it was indicated that resistance to these two substances probably assures resistance also to any other acidic or alkaline substance coming in contact with tile, except hydrofluoric acid.  
3.3 The validity of using color difference as means of determining the degree to which tile surfaces are affected by acids and alkalies has been established by interlaboratory test and was found to be more reliable than the determination of loss of gloss, particularly for unglazed tile and mat or semimat glazed surfaces. Lack of coordination between instrumental value and visual effect was noted only in the case of minute surface changes, detectable only by oblique viewing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining whether, and to what degree, ceramic tiles are affected by prolonged exposure to chemical substances that are commonly used in the household or for cleaning purposes as well as other more severe conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The units used for concentration in this standard are v/v which refers to the volume of reagent/1 L of solution and g/L which refers to the weight of reagent, in g, to be dissolved in 1 L of water.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of determining whether a lot of tile meets specifications of variations in size and thickness. In specifications, the nominal size always refers to the minor facial dimension and the nominal thickness of a tile always refers to the major thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the facial dimensions and thickness of flat, rectangular ceramic wall and floor tile. This test method covers tile as defined in Terminology C242.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a standardized procedure for evaluating performance of ceramic floor tile installations under conditions similar to actual specific usages. It can be used to make comparisons between customary basic installation methods, to establish the influence of minor changes in a particular installation method, and to judge the merit of proposed novel methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of ceramic floor tile installation systems, using the Robinson2-type floor tester.  
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems for failure under dynamic loads and not for evaluating particular characteristics of ceramic tile, such as abrasion resistance. This test method does not claim to provide meaningful results for other than evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric (SI) units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a standardized procedure for evaluating performance of ceramic floor tile installations under conditions similar to actual specific usages. It can be used to make comparisons between customary basic installation methods, to establish the influence of minor changes in a particular installation method, and to judge the merit of proposed novel methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of ceramic floor tile installation systems, using the Robinson2-type floor tester.  
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems for failure under dynamic loads and not for evaluating particular characteristics of ceramic tile, such as abrasion resistance. This test method does not claim to provide meaningful results for other than evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric (SI) units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifications for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control test for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being manufactured for exterior installations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equipment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic or glass tiles for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Impact diameter may be used to interpret impact resistance.  
4.2 Maximum impact diameter may be a specified requirement for tile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for measuring impact properties of ceramic tile, bonded to a standardized concrete substrate, from a falling 2-in. steel ball.  
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating standardized laboratory test specimens and does not purport to simulate actual installed performance.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessment of the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of the abraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agent in light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasion surface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirt particles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance of tile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Certain irregular surfaces may not be evaluated properly by this test method because of wear patterns.  
1.2 This procedure does not make provisions for the apparent difference in abrasion values between light and dark colored tile.  
1.3 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of gloss with abrasion.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for determining whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the warpage requirements that may appear in specifications to assure satisfactory tile installations. In accordance with this test method, warpage is calculated as a percentage of the length of the edge or diagonal being tested. It is realized that the percentage values based on the overall edge length, or on the overall diagonal length of a tile will be slightly lower than those based on the distance between reference points. However, the ratio of the overall lengths to the distance between reference points will be practically constant for any particular size of tile and, therefore, the percentage values will be comparable and equally indicative of warpage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for measuring the corner, diagonal, and edge warpages of the following categories of ceramic tile:  
1.1.1 Square Tile, 2 by 2 in. (51 by 51 mm) or larger, that are nominally flat, of uniform overall thickness, and have a smooth face of one of the types: unglazed, bright glazed, matte glazed, or finely crystalline glazed.  
1.1.2 Oblong Tile, no facial dimension smaller than 2 in. (51 mm), that are flat, of uniform overall thickness, and have a smooth face of one of the types: unglazed, bright glazed, matte glazed, or finely crystalline glazed.  
1.1.3 Square and Oblong Tile,  no facial dimension smaller than 2 in. (51 mm), that are flat, but have an irregular face such as embossed, sloped, bumpy, wavy, coarsely crystalline, or wire-cut textured.  
1.1.4 Nonrectilinear Tile,  larger than 4 in.2 (26 cm2), that are flat and of uniform body thickness with smooth or irregular face, such as hexagonal, diamond, Spanish type, and so forth.  
1.1.5 Trim Tile meeting one of the descriptions in 1.1.1 – 1.1.4 except that only a part of the tile surface is flat. (Surface trim tile should be treated as flat tile whenever possible.)  
1.1.6 Square or Oblong Tile  with facial area less than 4 in.2 (26 cm2) and at least two straight sides equal to or greater than 1.0 in. (25 mm) long. (Modular 1- by 1-in. tile are not in the scope of this test method.)  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to tile having embossed surfaces that are not flat, or that have a combination of variable body thickness and an irregular face.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides the means to measure the potential resistance to wear of unglazed ceramic tile intended for floor coverings. This test method does not consider physical appearance but is intended to measure durability. See Test Method C1027 for the determination of visible abrasion resistance of glazed ceramic tile.  
4.1.1 See Test Method C501 for an alternative method to determine deep abrasion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the deep abrasive wear by measuring the loss of volume resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile under given conditions by means of a rotating disc and the use of abrasive material.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides the means to measure the potential resistance to wear of unglazed ceramic tile intended for floor coverings. This test method does not consider physical appearance but is intended to measure durability. See Test Method C1027 for the determination of visible abrasion resistance of glazed ceramic tile.  
4.1.1 See Test Method C501 for an alternative method to determine deep abrasion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the deep abrasive wear by measuring the loss of volume resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile under given conditions by means of a rotating disc and the use of abrasive material.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the establishment of an abrasive wear index by determination of the loss of weight resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile by Taber Abraser. The test method consists of mounting the tile specimens in suitable holders, attaching the mounted holders to the spindle of the Taber Abraser, and subjecting the specimens to a prescribed number of revolutions under abrasive wheels of specified coarseness and under a definite applied load. The apparatus consists of Taber abrading machine, vacuum pick-up, revolution counter, wheel refacer, and balance. The procedure of sampling and mounting the test specimen are detailed. The formula for calculating the abrasive wear index from the loss of weight due to abrasion is given.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 overs the establishment of an abrasive wear index by determination of the loss of weight resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile. It is applicable to tile described in Definitions C242. c  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides the means to measure the potential resistance to wear of unglazed ceramic tile intended for floor coverings. This test method does not consider physical appearance but is intended to measure durability. See Test Method C1027 for the determination of visible abrasion resistance of glazed ceramic tile.  
4.1.1 See Test Method C501 for an alternative method to determine deep abrasion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the deep abrasive wear by measuring the loss of volume resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile under given conditions by means of a rotating disc and the use of abrasive material.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for determining the breaking strength and modulus of rupture of ceramic tiles and glass tiles for compliance with requirements that may appear in specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of breaking strength and modulus of rupture of ceramic tiles and glass tiles by three-point loading.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended for testing ceramic tile that are to be used for food counters, lavatories, and similar residential, medical, and commercial installations, where they may come in contact with food, chemical, and waste substances and for tile in areas where they may be exposed to contact with strong cleaning agents.  
3.2 The specification of 10 % hydrochloric acid solution and 10 % potassium hydroxide solution as normal testing fluids, and the length of exposure time and temperature are based on experimental laboratory work and interlaboratory tests, where it was indicated that resistance to these two substances probably assures resistance also to any other acidic or alkaline substance coming in contact with tile, except hydrofluoric acid.  
3.3 The validity of using color difference as means of determining the degree to which tile surfaces are affected by acids and alkalies has been established by interlaboratory test and was found to be more reliable than the determination of loss of gloss, particularly for unglazed tile and mat or semimat glazed surfaces. Lack of coordination between instrumental value and visual effect was noted only in the case of minute surface changes, detectable only by oblique viewing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining whether, and to what degree, ceramic tiles are affected by prolonged exposure to chemical substances that are commonly used in the household or for cleaning purposes as well as other more severe conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The units used for concentration in this standard are v/v which refers to the volume of reagent/1 L of solution and g/L which refers to the weight of reagent, in g, to be dissolved in 1 L of water.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for testing glazed ceramic tile that are to be used in areas in which they may be subjected to rapid or severe temperature changes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to thermal shock of glazed ceramic tiles under normal conditions of use.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of determining whether or not tile of the types indicated in 1.1 can be bonded with adequate strength to portland cement paste. Tile specifications can refer to this test method in order to establish minimum bond strength limits appropriate to the service conditions that are anticipated.  
5.2 Separation between bond coat and setting bed, or breakage of the setting bed itself shall not be considered failures of tile bond.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and pavers to be bonded to portland cement paste. This test method includes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of determining whether a lot of tile meets specifications of variations in size and thickness. In specifications, the nominal size always refers to the minor facial dimension and the nominal thickness of a tile always refers to the major thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the facial dimensions and thickness of flat, rectangular ceramic wall and floor tile. This test method covers tile as defined in Terminology C242.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in.2 (6.4 cm2).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several test methods available to measure the lead and cadmium release from dinnerware and cookware (see Test Methods C738 and C1034 and Specification C1035). These standards are used as a control to ensure the protection of the population against a possible health hazard.4 This potential hazard arises with improperly formulated, applied, fired glazes and decorations. This test method deals specifically with ceramic tile that are intended to come in contact with food during its preparation (for example, counter top tile).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramic tile that are intended for use in areas of food preparation. The procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the release of lead from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual conditions of usage of such ceramic tile. This test method is specific for lead and cadmium.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for the determination of the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces. A unsanded contrasting tile grout, black carbon lamp, waterproof black ink, washable ink, potassium permanganate solution, and methylene blue solutions are the staining agents required for this test method. Also, the following materials and apparatuses are needed: plain end glass test tubes; glass pipets; an oven; lintless, absorbent clothes or paper towels; distilled or deionized water; a light source; cleaning agents; hot water; weak commercial cleaning agent not containing abrasive; strong commercial cleaning agent containing abrasive; and suitable solvents such as hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces.  
1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes the means of determining the LRV of a tile specimen. Certain building codes require the use of materials rated by LRV. Application of this test method provides the means for rating ceramic tile. LRVs reported for ceramic tile should include reference to the observer and illuminant for which the rating is valid.  
5.2 LRV is a property dependent on the overall color of a tile specimen. Control of LRV is achieved through control of color and adherence to color specifications will govern the acceptability of a product with respect to LRV. Therefore, a product cannot be judged as having an unacceptable LRV unless the color of the product is found to be unacceptable.  
5.3 Mixtures of several tile products are commonly installed on a surface, requiring a means to calculate LRV for a product mix. The rating obtained for an individual tile product can be used to calculate the LRV for a product mix using the following equation:
where:
   n  =  number of products included in the mix    p1 to n  =  the proportion of the surface area taken up by each product, the sum of p1 to pn must equal one   LRV1 to n  =  the LRV for each product used    For example, a mixture of two products is used on a surface. Two thirds of the surface area is covered by product A with a LRV of 75 %, and one third of the surface is covered by product B with an LRV of 60 % (see Fig. 2). Using the equation, the product mix is found to have an LRV of 70 %.  
5.4 The test method described herein provides instrumental means as the basis for judging color difference. Magnitude of color difference between pairs of ceramic tile can be determined and expressed in numerical terms.  
5.5 Based on interlaboratory investigation,3 color difference ΔE  of plain-colored tile, if determined according to this test method, should give excellent reproducibility with a standard deviation of not more than σ = ±0.15 units. LRV should also give excellent reproducibility when u...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of Light Reflectance Value (LRV) and visually small color difference between pieces of glazed or unglazed ceramic tile, using any spectrophotometer that meets the requirements specified in the test method. LRV and the magnitude and direction of the color difference are expressed numerically, with sufficient accuracy for use in product specification.  
1.2 LRV may be measured for either solid-colored tile or tile having a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface. For tile that are not solid-colored, an average reading should be obtained from multiple measurements taken in a pattern representative of the overall sample as described in 9.2 of this test method. Small color difference between tiles should only be measured for solid-color tiles. Small color difference between tile that have a multicolored, speckled, or textured surface, are not valid.  
1.3 For solid colored tile, a comparison of the test specimen and reference specimen should be made under incandescent, fluorescent and daylight illuminant conditions. The use of multiple illuminants allows the color difference measurement to be made without the risk of wrongly accepting a match when the tiles being compared are metamers. (See 3.1.4.)  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifications for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control test for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being manufactured for exterior installations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equipment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic or glass tiles for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic tile suitable for outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifications for ceramic tile, and provides a control test for determining the uniformity of tile being manufactured for exterior installations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equipment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic tile for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Ceramic tile of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a standardized procedure for evaluating performance of ceramic floor tile installations under conditions similar to actual specific usages. It can be used to make comparisons between customary basic installation methods, to establish the influence of minor changes in a particular installation method, and to judge the merit of proposed novel methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of ceramic floor tile installation systems, using the Robinson -type floor tester.
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems for failure under loads and not for evaluating particular characteristics of ceramic tile, such as abrasion resistance. This test method does not claim to provide meaningful results for other than evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric (SI) units in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a standardized procedure for evaluating performance of ceramic floor tile installations under conditions similar to actual specific usages. It can be used to make comparisons between customary basic installation methods, to establish the influence of minor changes in a particular installation method, and to judge the merit of proposed novel methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of ceramic floor tile installation systems, using the Robinson2-type floor tester.  
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems for failure under loads and not for evaluating particular characteristics of ceramic tile, such as abrasion resistance. This test method does not claim to provide meaningful results for other than evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric (SI) units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessment of the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of the abraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agent in light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasion surface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirt particles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance of tile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Certain irregular surfaces may not be evaluated properly by this test method because of wear patterns.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This procedure does not make provisions for the apparent difference in abrasion values between light and dark colored tile.
1.4 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of gloss with abrasion.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.