ASTM D4510-93(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Counting Particle Cleavages in Wool and Other Animal Fibers
Standard Test Method for Counting Particle Cleavages in Wool and Other Animal Fibers
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 4510 – 93 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Counting Partial Cleavages in Wool and Other Animal
Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4510; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.5 wool, n—as defined in the Wool Products Labeling
Act of 1939, the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, or
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the micro-
hair of theAngora goat or Cashmere goat (and may include the
projector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and
so called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca,
other animal fibers.
llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
woven or felted wool product.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.6 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 This test method describes a procedure:
4.1.1 The segmenting of various test specimens in prepara-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion for testing,
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
4.1.2 The projection on a screen of magnified images of the
D 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw Wool-
randomly sampled short segments of fiber from the small test
Laboratory Scale
specimens, and
D 2130 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other
4.1.3 The measurement of the number of partially cleaved
Animal Fibers by Microprojection
fibers.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D 2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
5. Significance and Use
2.2 Other Document:
3 5.1 Test Method D 4510 for the counting of partial cleav-
Wool Products Labeling Act of 1983
ages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial
3. Terminology shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is
advised, since information on between-laboratory precision is
3.1 Definitions:
limited. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advis-
3.1.1 animal fiber, n—any natural protein-base fiber.
able.
3.1.2 cortex, n—in mammalian hair fibers, the principal
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
body of the fiber made up of elongated cells.
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
3.1.3 cuticle, n—in mammalian hair fibers, the layers of
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
flattened cells enclosing the cortex, which forms an envelope
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
of overlapping scales surrounding the fiber.
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
3.1.4 partial cleavage, n—in textiles, a transverse gouge,
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
cut or other cross-wise rent in the fiber. Clearly penetrating at
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
least the cuticle of the fiber.
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
Textiles, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 onWool andWool
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
Felt.
laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for
Current edition approved May 15, 1993. Published July 1993. Originally
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
published as D 4510 – 91. Last previous edition D 4510 – 91.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either
Act of Congress, “Wool Products LabelingAct of 1939,” 76th Congress, Third
Session, approved October 14, 1939.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4510
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
the known bias.
5.2 Chemically damaged or tendered fibers are recognizable
microscopically by qualified operators and should not be
counted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss of
cuticle, severe surface erosion, tenderizing cracks, longitudinal
fibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and
2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at one
laboratory, it was found that when more than 24 tendered fibers
were seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantly
higher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.
6. Apparatus and Material
6.1 Microprojector —The microscope shall be equipped
with a fixed body tube, a focusable stage responsive to coarse
and fine adjustments, a focusable substage with condenser and
iris diaphragm, and a vertically installed adequate light source
to give a precise magnification of 5003, that is, a 12.5 3 eye-
piece and a 21 3 0.50 numerical aperture objective.
6.2 Stage Micrometer —calibrated in intervals of 0.01 mm
for accurate setting and control of the magnification.
6.3 Fiber-Sectioning Apparatus:
,
6 7
6.3.1 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device — An instrument
comprisedofametalplatewithaslotandcompressingkeyand
equipped with a propulsion mechanism by which the fiber
Available from R&B Instruments, Leeds Wortly Low Mills, 318 Whitehall
Road, Leeds L512 4RJ England.
Available from most scientific laboratory instrument supply companies.
Available from Joe Opherkens, 426 Adams, Ogden, UT 84403.
Shirley Fibre Microtome available from Crosroe, Inc., P.O. Box 6408, Tower
Drive, Greenville, SC 29606.
FIG. 1 (B–D) Split Fiber (continued)
bundle may be extruded for sectioning. The instrument is
designed to hold a sliver of top or equivalent bulk of fibers, or
yarn. (Fig. 3)
6.3.2 Safety Razor Blades—Single-edge or double-edge
blades (if used with blade holder).
6.3.3 FRL Fiber Cutter —Adevice comprised of two razor
blades, a threaded pin and an assemblage that will hold the
blades rigidly in position. The device, which is operated by
applying pressure vertically downward, cuts fibers approxi-
mately 250 µm in length (Fig. 3).
6.4 Microscope Slides, 25 by 75 mm (1 by 3 in.).
6.5 Cover Glasses, No. 1 thickness, 22 by 50 mm ( ⁄8 by 2
in.).
6.6 Mounting Medium —Colorless immersion oil with a
refractive index of 1.480 6 0.005 at 20°C (68°F), and a
viscosity of 78.81 SUS at 37.8°C (100°F).
Available from Albany International Research Co., 777 West St., P.O. Box
FIG. 1 (A) Partial Cleavage—But do not count if it is at the end of 9114, Mansfield, MA 02048-9114.
a fiber. The split may have been caused by other means Available from Yocom-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc.
D 4510
containers directed in an applicable material specification or in
an agreement between the purchaser and supplier, such as an
agreement to use Practice D 2525. Consider shipping contain-
ers to be the primary sampling unit.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between shipping containers, within shipping containers, and between test
specimens taken from a single laboratory sample so as to provide a
sampling plan with a meaningful producers’ risk, consumers’ risk,
acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample for Bulk Wool— Consider each unit
in the lot sample as a unit in the laboratory sample.
7.3 Test Specimens for Bulk Wool—Take two test specimens
fromeachunitinthelaboratorysampleasdescribedinPractice
D 2525.
8. Sampling
8.1 Wool Yarns:
8.1.1 Lot Sample for Wool Yarn—As a lot sample for
acceptance testing, take at random the number of shipping
cases directed in an applicable material specification or other
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, such as an
agreement to use Practice D 2258. Consider shipping cases to
be the primary sampling units. (Note 1)
8.1.2 Laboratory Sample for Wool Yarn— As a laboratory
FIG. 2 Fiber With Transverse Cracks
sample for acceptance testing, take at random from each
shipping case in the lot sample the number of packages
directed in an applicable material specification or other agree-
ment to use Practice D 2258. Preferably, the same number of
packages should be taken from each shipping case in the
sample. If differing numbers of packages are to be taken from
shipping cases in the lot sample, determine at random which
shipping cases are to have each number of packages drawn.
8.1.3 Test Specimens for Wool Yarn—From each package in
the laboratory sample, take two test specimens as follows.
Inspect each package after withdrawing at least five layers of
yarn from the outside of the package. If there is visible
evidence of damage to the package, continue to withdraw units
of five layers and reinspect. Take specimens of about 1 m (1
yd.) long. Discard specimen lengths that are damaged. Discard
at least 2 m (2 yds) of strand between specimens from a single
FIG. 3 Heavy Duty Cross-Section Device
package.
8.2 Wool Fabric:
6.7 Length Gage, made of stiff, white paper 155 mm long,
8.2.1 Lot Sample for Wool Fabric—As a lot sample for
and having thin transverse lines inscribed on it 10 mm from
acceptance testing, take at random the number of rolls of fabric
each end, so that the distance between the lines shall be 135.0
directed in an applicable material specification or other agree-
6 2.5 mm. The length gage shall be of convenient width (for
ment between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of
example, 30 mm). A satisfactory length gage may also be
fabric to be the primary sampling units. (Note 1)
constructed of cardboard by inscribing thereon concentric
8.2.2 Laboratory Sample for Wool Fabric—As a laboratory
circles having diameters of 135 mm and 155 mm. This length
sample for acceptance testing, take a full width swatch ap-
gage has been found most suitable for the projected field of
proximately 1 meter (1 yd) long from the end of each roll of
vision of the microprojector recommended with this length
fabric in the lot sample, after first discarding all fabric from the
gage.
outside of the roll that contains creases, fold marks, delamina-
6.8 Dissecting Needle.
tio
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