ASTM E1767-11(2017)

Standard Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.  
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.  
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.  
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2017
• ICS: 17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
• Technical Committee: E12 - Color and Appearance
• Drafting Committee: E12.03 - Geometry

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1767 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement
1
to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1767; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The appearance of objects depends on how they are illuminated and viewed. When measurements
are made to characterize appearance attributes such as color or gloss, the measured values depend on
the geometry of the illumination and the instrumentation receiving light from the specimen. This
practice for specifying the geometry in such applications is largely based on an international standard
ISO 5/1, dealing with the precise measurement of optical density in photographic science, based on
2,3
an earlier American National Standard.
1. Scope are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional
notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the open sampling aperture.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
are treated in otherASTM standards and are excluded from the
scope of this practice.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical
E284 Terminology of Appearance
coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded
2.2 Other Standard:
from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts
ISO 5/1 Photography—Density Measurements—Part 1:
described in this practice have been adopted in that field of
5
Terms, Symbols and Notations
measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflect-
3. Terminology
ing or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of
3.1 Definitions:
characterizingappearance,isincompletewithoutafulldescrip-
3.1.1 The terminology used in this practice is in accordance
tion of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions
with Terminology E284.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originally
4
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1767 – 11. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E1767-11R17. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
ISO1/5 Photograhpy — Density Measurements — Part 1: Terms, symbols, and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
notations. the ASTM website.
3 5
ANSIPH2.36–1974AmericanNationalStandardsterms,symbols,andnotation Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
for optical transmission and reflection measurements. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1767 − 11 (2017)
3.2.1 anormal angle, n—an angle measured from the 3.2.16 uniplanar geometry, n—geometry in which the re-
normal, toward the reference plane, to the central axis of a ceiver is in the plane of incidence.
distribution, which may be an angular d
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1767 − 11 E1767 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement
1
to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1767; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The appearance of objects depends on how they are illuminated and viewed. When measurements
are made to characterize appearance attributes such as color or gloss, the measured values depend on
the geometry of the illumination and the instrumentation receiving light from the specimen. This
practice for specifying the geometry in such applications is largely based on an international standard
ISO 5/1, dealing with the precise measurement of optical density in photographic science, based on
2,3
an earlier American National Standard.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical
measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional
notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen,
and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open
sampling aperture.
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are
treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical
coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts
described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of
characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are
not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E284 Terminology of Appearance
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2017. Published December 2011November 2017. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20042011
as E1767 – 04.E1767 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/E1767-11.10.1520/E1767-11R17.
2
ISO1/5 Photograhpy — Density Measurements — Part 1: Terms, symbols, and notations.
3
ANSI PH2.36–1974 American National Standards terms, symbols, and notation for optical transmission and reflection measurements.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1767 − 11 (2017)
2.2 Other Standard:
5
ISO 5/1 Photography—Density Measurements—Part 1: Terms, Symbols and Notations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The terminology used in this practice is in accordance with Terminology E284.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 anormal angle, n—a
...