ASTM C1763-20

Standard Test Method for Water Absorption by Immersion of Thermal Insulation Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method provides a means of measuring the water absorption of flat or cylindrical specimens of thermal insulation materials under isothermal conditions as a result of direct immersion in liquid water. It is intended for quality control and product and material specifications.  
6.2 The procedure to be used: A, B, or C as well as any exceptions shall be noted in material specifications citing this test method.  
6.3 Repeatability has been established only for one type and size of material at one immersion duration.
Note 1: Specifications referring to this test method are encouraged to establish repeatability for specific materials, immersion duration, and dimensions for inclusion in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the amount of water retained (excluding surface water) by flat or cylindrical specimens of thermal insulations after these materials have been fully immersed in liquid water for a prescribed time interval under isothermal conditions. This test method is intended to be used for the characterization of materials in the laboratory. It is not intended to simulate any particular environmental condition potentially encountered in building construction applications.  
1.2 This test method does not address all the possible mechanisms of water intake and retention and related phenomena for thermal insulations. It relates only to those conditions outlined in 1.1. Determination of moisture accumulation in thermal insulations due to partial immersion, water vapor transmission, internal condensation, freeze-thaw cycling, or a combination of these effects requires different test procedures.  
1.3 This test method does not address or attempt to quantify the drainage characteristics of materials.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2020
• ICS: 91.100.60 - Thermal and sound insulating materials
• Technical Committee: C16 - Thermal Insulation
• Drafting Committee: C16.33 - Insulation Finishes and Moisture

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1763-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Water Absorption by Immersion of Thermal Insulation Materials
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM C168-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM C870-24 - Standard Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM C168-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM C168-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM C870-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2017
• Refers: ASTM C303-10(2016) - Standard Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Preformed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2016
• Refers: ASTM C168-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2015
• Refers: ASTM C168-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Refers: ASTM E177-14 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Refers: ASTM C302-13 - Standard Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2013
• Refers: ASTM E177-13 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM E691-13 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM C168-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2013
• Refers: ASTM C1134-90(2012)e1 - Standard Test Method for Water Retention of Rigid Thermal Insulations Following Partial Immersion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2012

Overview

ASTM C1763-20: Standard Test Method for Water Absorption by Immersion of Thermal Insulation Materials establishes a laboratory procedure to determine the amount of water absorbed by flat or cylindrical thermal insulation materials after complete immersion under isothermal (constant temperature) conditions. The primary aim of this standard is to support quality control and provide reliable data for product and material specifications in insulation manufacturing and research settings.

ASTM C1763-20 is not intended to simulate actual environmental conditions encountered in building construction, but rather to provide a precise and standardized way of characterizing insulation materials’ tendency to absorb water by direct contact. It is crucial for manufacturers, laboratories, and quality assurance professionals seeking to evaluate or specify products with respect to water resistance.

Key Topics

• Water Absorption Measurement: The method calculates the amount of water retained inside the insulation specimen after immersion, excluding surface water, to assess water resistance and absorption characteristics.
• Specimen Types: The standard covers both flat and cylindrical specimens, with prescribed dimensions and procedures for each configuration.
• Multiple Procedures (A, B, C): Different procedures are provided based on material type and geometry, with variations in specimen size, number of samples, and immersion duration.
• Isothermal Conditions: Tests are conducted at a controlled, stable temperature to ensure repeatability of results.
• Precision and Repeatability: The standard defines guidelines for laboratory repeatability and reproducibility, supporting consistent interlaboratory results.
• Limitations: It does not address partial immersion, vapor transmission, internal condensation, freeze-thaw effects, or drainage properties.

Applications

The ASTM C1763-20 test method is widely used in the following contexts:

• Quality Control: Manufacturers of thermal insulation materials use this method to ensure their products meet specified performance standards regarding water absorption.
• Material Specification: Product lines or project submittals often require certification of water absorption properties for compliance or warranty purposes.
• Research and Development: This standard helps R&D teams characterize and compare different insulation products' water absorption profiles, aiding in material selection and innovation.
• Third-party Testing: Independent laboratories use ASTM C1763-20 to validate manufacturer claims or to support certification by regulatory bodies.
• Industry Sectors: Relevant to the building materials industry, industrial insulation sector, HVAC, and any application where thermal insulation may be exposed to water.

Related Standards

Users of ASTM C1763-20 may also reference the following standards for deeper understanding or complementary test methods:

• ASTM C168: Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
• ASTM C302: Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
• ASTM C303: Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Preformed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
• ASTM C870: Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Materials
• ASTM C1134: Test Method for Water Retention of Rigid Thermal Insulations Following Partial Immersion
• ASTM E177: Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• ASTM E691: Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method

These standards provide additional guidance on terminology, dimensional measurement, specimen conditioning, and allied testing procedures.

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Keywords: ASTM C1763-20, water absorption, thermal insulation, immersion test, isothermal conditions, insulation testing, laboratory procedure, quality control, material specification, insulation water resistance.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1763 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Water Absorption by Immersion of Thermal Insulation
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1763; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method determines the amount of water re-
tained (excluding surface water) by flat or cylindrical speci-
2. Material And Specimen Characteristics that can
mens of thermal insulations after these materials have been
Influence Results
fully immersed in liquid water for a prescribed time interval
under isothermal conditions. This test method is intended to be 2.1 The apparent water absorption measured by this test
used for the characterization of materials in the laboratory. It is method is dependent on the surface to volume ratio of the
not intended to simulate any particular environmental condi- sample and time of immersion.As such, comparisons between
tion potentially encountered in building construction applica- Procedures A, B, and, C cannot be made. Cracks in the
tions. specimens and rough surfaces can increase the apparent water
absorption.
1.2 This test method does not address all the possible
mechanisms of water intake and retention and related phenom- 2.2 Some materials tend to collect water on surfaces or to
trap water in corners and, if not removed, will give incorrect
ena for thermal insulations. It relates only to those conditions
outlined in 1.1. Determination of moisture accumulation in results.
thermal insulations due to partial immersion, water vapor
2.3 Materials that change or react with water can have
transmission, internal condensation, freeze-thaw cycling, or a
increased (or decreased) apparent water absorption and are not
combination of these effects requires different test procedures.
suitable for use with this method. 12.7.1 provides a method for
1.3 This test method does not address or attempt to quantify ensuring the specimen has not been physically or chemically
altered in a way that would invalidate the measurement. Use
the drainage characteristics of materials.
this method in cases of dispute.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3. Referenced Documents
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be 3.1 ASTM Standards:
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
used independently of the other, and values from the two
systems shall not be combined. C302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Pre-
formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
formed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C870 Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Ma-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
terials
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
C1134 Test Method for Water Retention of Rigid Thermal
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Insulations Following Partial Immersion
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ASTM Test Methods
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC16onThermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.33 on Insulation
Finishes and Moisture. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
ε1
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as C1763 – 19 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1763-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1763 − 20
4. Terminology 8.2 Procedure A:
8.2.1 Testspecimensshallbe152 63mmlong,89 63mm
4.1 Definitions—Terminology C168 applies to terms used in
1 1 1
wide, and 51 6 3 mm thick (6 6 ⁄8 in. long, 3 ⁄2 6 ⁄8 in. wide,
this test method.
and 2 6 ⁄8 in. thick)
5. Summary of Test Method 8.2.2 A minimum of two test specimens are required.
8.2.3 Immersion time shall be a minimum of 48 h.
5.1 Test specimens are conditioned and then immersed in
8.2.4 The specimen shall be weighed immediately after the
water for a prescribed amount of time. The amount of water
removal of surface water.
absorbed is determined by the weight increase in the speci-
mens. 8.3 Procedure B:
8.3.1 Flat Specimen:
6. Significance and Use
8.3.1.1 Testspecimensshallbe305 63by305 63mm(12
6.1 This test method provides a means of measuring the
by 12 in.) with all four edges trimmed square and thickness
water absorption of flat or cylindrical specimens of thermal
representative of manufactured product.
insulation materials under isothermal conditions as a result of
8.3.1.2 One specimen from each of three boards shall be
direct immersion in liquid water. It is intended for quality
tested.
control and product and material specifications.
8.3.2 Cylindrical Specimen:
8.3.2.1 Cylindrical materials that are to be evaluated are
6.2 The procedure to be used: A, B, or C as well as any
limited to one-piece pipe sections.
exceptions shall be noted in material specifications citing this
8.3.2.2 Test specimen shall be 305 6 3 mm (12 in.) long.
test method.
8.3.2.3 The diameter and wall thickness of the specimen are
6.3 Repeatability has been established only for one type and
to be as manufactured without modification.
size of material at one immersion duration.
8.3.2.4 One specimen from each of three pipe segments
NOTE 1—Specifications referring to this test method are encouraged to shall be tested.
establish repeatability for specific materials, immersion duration, and
8.3.3 Immersion time shall be 2 h.
dimensions for inclusion in this test method.
8.3.4 The specimen shall be drained by placing on end for
10 min.
7. Apparatus
NOTE 2—Procedure B is typically used for elastomeric and polyolefin
7.1 Temperature measuring device—Such as a thermometer,
foams in flat or cylindrical configuration, cellulosic fiber insulating board,
graduated in Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees with at least 1ºC
and polyisocyanurate thermal insulation board.
(2ºF) sensitivity.
8.4 Procedure C:
7.2 Balance, accurate to 0.1g.
8.4.1 Test specimens shall be 305 63by305 63mmby
7.3 Immersion Pan—Apan or vessel of width and length at
25 mm thick. (12 by 12 in. by 1 in. thick.)
least 50 mm (2 in.) larger than the dimensions of the specimen
8.4.2 Three specimens shall be tested.
width and length, and of a depth at least 50 mm (2 in.) greater
8.4.3 Immersion time shall be 24 h.
than the specimen thickness.
8.4.4 The specimen shall be shaken vigorously then
weighed immediately after the removal of surface water.
7.4 Timing device, such as stopwatch or timer capable of
61% of the required immersion duration.
NOTE 3—Procedure A is typically used for perlite block insulation.
7.4.1 Specimen Supports and Constraints—Included in the
NOTE 4—Procedure B is typically used for cellulosic fiber insulating
board and polyisocyanurate thermal insulation board.
construction of the immersion pan shall be a means for
NOTE 5—Procedure C is typically used for polystyrene thermal insula-
securing the specimens in a level position, that is, a noncorro-
tion board.
sive support for the bottom surface of the specimens and a
similar constraining device for the top surface for buoyant
9. Preparation of Apparatus
materials. The support and constraining devices shall not
9.1 Fill the immersion pan with distilled, deionized water
contact more than 15 % of the specimen surfaces. The space
sufficient to maintain a 25 mm (1 in.) head of water over the
between the support and the bottom of the pan shall be not less
sample surface at all times during the test.
than 5 mm (0.2 in.). The pressure exerted on the specimens by
the constraining device for the top surface shall be limited to
9.2 Allow the water to reach a steady temperature of 23 6
that required to counteract any buoyant force exerted by the
1°C (73 6 2°F).
specimens at the beginning of the test. Stainless steel is an
acceptable support and weight material. An example of a
10. Calibration and Standardization
suitable constraining device is a 6.4 mm. (0.25 in.) mesh rigid
10.1 All measuring equipment shall have calibration certifi-
stainless steel screen.
cates that are current at the time of use of the equipment.
8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
11. Conditioning
8.1 Number of specimens, dimensi
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C1763 − 19 C1763 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Water Absorption by Immersion of Thermal Insulation
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1763; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Corrected Section 15 editorially in January 2020.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the amount of water retained (excluding surface water) by flat or cylindrical specimens of
thermal insulations after these materials have been fully immersed in liquid water for a prescribed time interval under isothermal
conditions. This test method is intended to be used for the characterization of materials in the laboratory. It is not intended to
simulate any particular environmental condition potentially encountered in building construction applications.
1.2 This test method does not address all the possible mechanisms of water intake and retention and related phenomena for
thermal insulations. It relates only to those conditions outlined in 1.1. Determination of moisture accumulation in thermal
insulations due to partial immersion, water vapor transmission, internal condensation, freeze-thaw cycling, or a combination of
these effects requires different test procedures.
1.3 This test method does not address or attempt to quantify the drainage characteristics of materials.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Material And Specimen Characteristics that can Influence Results
2.1 The apparent water absorption measured by this test method is dependent on the surface to volume ratio of the sample and
time of immersion. As such, comparisons between Procedures A, B, and, C cannot be made. Cracks in the specimens and rough
surfaces can increase the apparent water absorption.
2.2 Some materials tend to collect water on surfaces or to trap water in corners and, if not removed, will give incorrect results.
2.3 Materials that change or react with water can have increased (or decreased) apparent water absorption and are not suitable
for use with this method. 12.5.112.7.1 provides a method for ensuring the specimen has not been physically or chemically altered
in a way that would invalidate the measurement. Use this method in cases of dispute.
3. Referenced Documents
3.1 ASTM Standards:
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.33 on Insulation Finishes
and Moisture.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2019May 1, 2020. Published November 2019May 2020. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 20162019 as
ε1
C1763 – 16.C1763 – 19 . DOI: 10.1520/C1763-19E01.10.1520/C1763-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1763 − 20
C303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Preformed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
C870 Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Materials
C1134 Test Method for Water Retention of Rigid Thermal Insulations Following Partial Immersion
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
4. Terminology
4.1 Definitions—Terminology C168 applies to terms used in this test method.
5. Summary of Test Method
5.1 Test specimens are conditioned and then immersed in water for a prescribed amount of time. The amount of water absorbed
is determined by the weight increase in the specimens.
6. Significance and Use
6.1 This test method provides a means of measuring the water absorption of flat or cylindrical specimens of thermal insulation
materials under isothermal conditions as a result of direct immersion in liquid water. It is intended for quality control and product
and material specifications.
6.2 The procedure to be used: A, B, or C as well as any exceptions shall be noted in material specifications citing this test
method.
6.3 Repeatability has been established only for one type and size of material at one immersion duration.
NOTE 1—Specifications referring to this test method are encouraged to establish repeatability for specific materials, immersion duration, and
dimensions for inclusion in this test method.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Temperature measuring device—Such as a thermometer, graduated in Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees with at least 1ºC (2ºF)
sensitivity.
7.2 Balance, accurate to 0.1g.
7.3 Immersion Pan—A pan or vessel of width and length at least 50 mm (2 in.) larger than the dimensions of the specimen width
and length, and of a depth at least 50 mm (2 in.) greater than the specimen thickness.
7.4 Timing device, such as stopwatch or timer capable of 61% of the required immersion duration.
7.4.1 Specimen Supports and Constraints—Included in the construction of the immersion pan shall be a means for securing the
specimens in a level position, that is, a noncorrosive support for the bottom surface of the specimens and a similar constraining
device for the top surface for buoyant materials. The support and constraining devices shall not contact more than 15 % of the
specimen surfaces. The space between the support and the bottom of the pan shall be not less than 5 mm (0.2 in.). The pressure
exerted on the specimens by the constraining device for the top surface shall be limited to that required to counteract any buoyant
force exerted by the specimens at the beginning of the test. Stainless steel is an acceptable support and weight material. An example
of a suitable constraining device is a 6.4 mm. (0.25 in.) mesh rigid stainless steel screen.
8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
8.1 Number of specimens, dimensions, and dimension tolerance of the test specimen or specimens shall be stated in the material
specification to follow one of the following procedures:
8.2 Procedure A:
1 1 1
8.2.1 Test specimens shall be 152 6 3 mm long, 89 6 3 mm wide, and 51 6 3 mm thick (6 6 ⁄8 in. long, 3 ⁄2 6 ⁄8 in. wide,
and 2 6 ⁄8 in. thick)
8.2.2 A minimum of two test specimens are required.
8.2.3 Immersion time shall be a minimum of 48 h.
8.2.4 The specimen shall be weighed immediately after the removal of surface water.
8.3 Procedure B:
8.3.1 Test specimens shall be 305 6 3 by 305 6 3 mm (12 by 12 in.) with all four edges trimmed square and thickness
representative of manufactured product.Flat Specimen:
8.3.1.1 Test specimens shall be 305 6 3 by 305 6 3 mm (12 by 12 in.) with all four edges trimmed square and thickness
representative of manufactured product.
8.3.1.2 One specimen from each of three boards shall be tested.
8.3.2 One specimen from each of three boards shall be tested.Cylindrical Specimen:
8.3.2.1 Cylindrical materials that are to be evaluated are limited to one-piece pipe sections.
8.3.2.2 Test specimen shall be 305 6 3 mm (12 in.) long.
C1763 − 20
8.3.2.3 The diameter and wall thickness of the specimen are to be as manufactured without modification.
8.3.2.4 One specimen from each of three pipe segments shall be tested.
8.3.3 Immersion time shall be 2 h.
8.3.4 The specimen shall be drained by placing on end for 10 min.
NOTE 2—Procedure B is typically used for elastomeric and polyolefin foams in flat or cylindrical configuration, cellulosic fiber insulating board, and
polyisocyanurate thermal insulation board.
8.4 Procedure C:
8.4.1 Test specimens shall be 305 6 3 by 305 6 3 mm by 25 mm thick. (12 by 12 in. by 1 in. thick.)
8.4.2 Three specimens shall be tested.
8.4.3 Immersion time shall be 24 h.
8.4.4 The specimen shall be shaken vigorously then weighed immediately after the removal of surface water.
NOTE 3—Procedure A is typically used for perlite block insulation.
NOTE 4—Procedure B is typically used for cellulosic fiber insulating board and polyisocyanurate thermal insulation board.
NOTE 5—Procedure C is typically used for polystyrene thermal insulation board.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Fill the immersion pan with distilled, deionized water sufficient to maintain a 25 mm (
...