ASTM D4104-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions of Solution of Cooper et al (1):
5.1.1 The head change in the control well is instantaneous at time t = 0.
5.1.2 Well is of finite diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.
5.1.3 Flow in the nonleaky aquifer is radial.
5.2 Implications of Assumptions:
5.2.1 The mathematical equations applied ignore inertial effects and assume the water level returns the static level in an approximate exponential manner. The geometric configuration of the well and aquifer are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Well in Which a Slug of Water is Suddenly Injected
5.2.2 Assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions and fully penetrating wells. However, this test method is commonly applied to partially penetrating wells and in unconfined aquifers where it may provide estimates of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer interval adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.
5.2.3 As pointed out by Cooper et al (1) the determination of storage coefficient by this test method has questionable reliability because of the similar shape of the curves, whereas, the determination of transmissivity is not as sensitive to choosing the correct curve. However, the curve selected should not imply a storage coefficient unrealistically large or small.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
Note 3: Some published literature (5...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of transmissivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well to a sudden change in water level is characterized by recovery to initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with negligible inertial effects.
1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044 for collection of test data.
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this test method prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test method is commonly conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which the aquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case the test would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider signific...
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4104 −17
Standard Test Method
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of
Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response
1
to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4104; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
1.1 This test method covers the determination of transmis-
analysis methods for engineering data.
sivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) re-
sponse of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well to standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
a sudden change in water level is characterized by recovery to standard.
initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
negligible inertial effects.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
conjunctionwiththefieldprocedureinTestMethodD4044for
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
collection of test data.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
test method prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
is commonly conducted using a partially penetrating well.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Such a practice may be acceptable for application under
conditions in which the aquifer is stratified and horizontal
2. Referenced Documents
hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conductivity. In such a case the test would be considered to be
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the
Fluids
portion of the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well.
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
Practice D6026.
D4043Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the
D4044Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
Properties of Aquifers
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
D4750Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to 3
Well) (Withdrawn 2010)
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
D5912Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determining
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Vadose Zone Investigations. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
ɛ1 3
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4104 – 96 (2010) . The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D4104-17. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4104 − 96 (Reapproved 2010) D4104 − 17
Standard Test Method
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of
Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response
1
to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4104; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The units statement in 1.4 was revised editorially in August 2010.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of transmissivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response of
a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well to a sudden change
in water level is characterized by recovery to initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with negligible inertial
effects.
1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044 for
collection of test data.
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this test method
prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test method is commonly
conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which the
aquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case the
test would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer adjacent to the
open interval of the well.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose
Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2017. Published September 2010November 2017. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
ɛ1
as D4104 – 96 (2004).(2010) . DOI: 10.1520/D4104-96R10E01.10.1520/D4104-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4104 − 17
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.