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ASTM D7028-07e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)

Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to determine the glass transition temperature of continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites using the DMA method. The DMA Tg value is frequently used to indicate the upper use temperature of composite materials, as well as for quality control of composite materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of the dry or wet (moisture conditioned) glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer matrix composites containing high-modulus, 20 GPa (> 3 × 106 psi), fibers using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) under flexural oscillation mode, which is a specific subset of the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) method.
1.2 The glass transition temperature is dependent upon the physical property measured, the type of measuring apparatus and the experimental parameters used. The glass transition temperature determined by this test method (referred to as “DMA Tg”) may not be the same as that reported by other measurement techniques on the same test specimen.
1.3 This test method is primarily intended for polymer matrix composites reinforced by continuous, oriented, high-modulus fibers. Other materials, such as neat resin, may require non-standard deviations from this test method to achieve meaningful results.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. The values given in parentheses are non-standard mathematical conversions to common units that are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Dec-2007
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.04 - Lamina and Laminate Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7028-07 - Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
Effective Date
15-Dec-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D7028-07(2015) - Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
Effective Date
01-Aug-2015
Referred By
ASTM D7750-23 - Standard Test Method for Cure Behavior of Thermosetting Resins by Dynamic Mechanical Procedures using an Encapsulated Specimen Rheometer
Effective Date
15-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM B987/B987M-20 - Standard Specification for Carbon Fiber Thermoset Polymer Matrix Composite Core (CFC) for use in Overhead Electrical Conductors
Effective Date
15-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8505/D8505M-23 - Standard Specification for Basalt and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Effective Date
15-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
15-Dec-2007

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ASTM D7028-07e1 - Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)ASTM D7028-07e1 - Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
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ASTM D7028-07e1 - Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D7028 − 07
StandardTest Method for
Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix
1
Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7028; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Reference to a research report was added and figures corrected in August 2008.
1. Scope D4065Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Proper-
ties: Determination and Report of Procedures
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determi-
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical
nation of the dry or wet (moisture conditioned) glass transition
Properties
temperature (T ) of polymer matrix composites containing
g
6 D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
high-modulus, 20 GPa (>3×10 psi), fibers using a dynamic
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
mechanical analyzer (DMA) under flexural oscillation mode,
Composite Materials
whichisaspecificsubsetoftheDynamicMechanicalAnalysis
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
(DMA) method.
ASTM Test Methods
1.2 The glass transition temperature is dependent upon the
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
physical property measured, the type of measuring apparatus
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
and the experimental parameters used. The glass transition
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
temperature determined by this test method (referred to as
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
“DMA Tg”) may not be the same as that reported by other
E1434Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
measurement techniques on the same test specimen.
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
E1471Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
1.3 This test method is primarily intended for polymer
matrix composites reinforced by continuous, oriented, high- Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
E1640Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition
modulusfibers.Othermaterials,suchasneatresin,mayrequire
non-standard deviations from this test method to achieve Temperature By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
meaningful results. E1867TestMethodforTemperatureCalibrationofDynamic
Mechanical Analyzers
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. The values
given in parentheses are non-standard mathematical conver-
3. Terminology
sions to common units that are provided for information only.
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
to polymer matrix composites. Terminology D4092 defines
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
terms relating to dynamic mechanical property measurements
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
on polymeric materials.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 Symbols:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E’=storage modulus
2. Referenced Documents E”=loss modulus
tan δ= E”/E’=tangent delta
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
DMA Tg=glass transition temperature defined from dy-
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
namic mechanical analysis measurement
L=length of specimen
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
W=width of specimen
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
T=thickness of specimen
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods.
CurrenteditionapprovedDec.15,2007.PublishedJanuary2008.DOI:10.1520/ T =peak temperature from tangent delta curve
t
D7028-07E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4. Summary of Test Method
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 AflatrectangularstripoflaminateisplacedintheDMA
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. equipment and oscillated at a nominal frequency of 1 Hz. The
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D7028 − 07
specimen is heated at a rate of 5°C/min (9°F/min). The same 6.5 It is standard in this test method that one of the major
loadingfrequencyandheatingrateisusedforbothdryandwet fiber directions shall be parallel to the length of the specimen.
specimens (moisture conditioned) to allow for comparison. The span-to-depth ratio, ply orientation, and ply stacking
Thetemperatureatwhichasignificantdropinstoragemodulus sequence of a specimen with respect to the tes
...

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5.1 The prepreg volatiles content, matrix content, reinforcement content, and filler content of composite prepreg materials are used to control material manufacture and subsequent fabrication processes, and are key parameters in the specification and production of such materials, as well as in the fabrication of products made with such materials.  
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1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1997 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards. The standard therefore should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1997. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying open-hole tension and compression test methods to determine filled-hole tensile and compressive strengths. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites in which the laminate is both symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
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1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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ASTM D6484/D6484M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Compressive Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This test method determines the open-hole compressive strength of multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
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1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying static open-hole tensile and compressive strength test methods to determine the fatigue behavior of composite materials subjected to cyclic tensile or compressive forces, or both. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites in which the laminate is both symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.  
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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial high bypass - low bearing interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers using a two-fastener hard point joint specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for this procedure. A number of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1. This test method was previously published under Test Method D7248/D7248M-17 Procedure C.  
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Prepreg Impregnation by Permeability Measurement

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5.1 It is well known that the prepreg impregnation level affects handling characteristics, tack and drape, and final part quality. Resin impregnation level is the dominant factor in the ability of removing air and volatiles from the layup during processing. Partially impregnated prepreg materials can in some applications provide higher quality, lower void content composite parts, and are becoming increasingly more common due to the desire to cure out-of-autoclave, using vacuum bag-only processes. This test can identify small changes in the material impregnation level which can assist in definition of production processes or shipping and handling procedures. The value of permeability can be used for specifying ranges as acceptance requirements for prepreg materials, thus enabling the prepreg manufacturer and user greater confidence in the ability to produce repeatable and high quality parts. This test directly determines the actual air flow propensity of the material tested without any applied compaction pressure during testing.  
5.2 Factors that influence the permeability of the tested prepreg material shall be reported including: prepreg material, orientation, location on roll, width, length, thickness, and actual atmospheric pressure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane permeability of composite prepreg (pre-impregnated) materials as a measure of level of impregnation. Permissible prepreg materials include those reinforced with carbon, glass, aramid, thermoplastic and other fibers impregnated with a thermoset or thermoplastic matrix resin, creating a single ply sheet material. The reinforcements may be unidirectional or woven fabrics.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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ASTM D5961/D5961M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the bearing response of pinned or fastened joints using multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by double-shear tensile loading (Procedure A), single-shear tensile or compressive loading of a two-piece specimen (Procedure B), single-shear tensile loading of a one-piece specimen (Procedure C), or double-shear compressive loading (Procedure D). Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure. However, when fully documented in the test report, a number of test parameters may be optionally varied. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing response test method.  
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ASTM D7766/D7766M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Damage Resistance Testing of Sandwich Constructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions that allow Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made using sandwich constructions. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a sandwich panel is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.2 Sandwich damage resistance testing can serve the following purposes:  
5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effects of facing geometry, facing stacking sequence, facing-to-core interface, core geometry (cell size, cell wall thickness, core thickness, etc.), core density, core strength, processing and environmental variables on the damage resistance of a particular sandwich panel to a concentrated quasi-static indentation force, drop-weight impact force, or impact energy.  
5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of the damage resistance parameters for sandwich constructions with different facing, core or adhesive materials. The damage response parameters can include dent depth, damage dimensions and location(s), indentation or impact force magnitudes, impact energy magnitudes, as well as the force versus time curve.  
5.2.3 To impart damage in a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance tests, such as Test Method D8287/D8287M and Practice D8388/D8388M.  
5.2.4 Quasi-static indentation tests can also be used to identify a specific sequence of damage events (only the final damage state is identifiable after a drop-weight impact test).  
5.3 The properties obtained using these practices can provide guidance in regard to the anticipated damage resistance capability of sandwich structures with similar materials, geometry, stacking sequence, and so forth. However, it must be understood that the damage resistance of a sandwich structu...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying laminate quasi-static indentation and drop-weight impact test methods to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb, truss cores and fiber-reinforced cores).  
1.2 This practice supplements Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) with provisions for testing sandwich specimens. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, facing thickness, core thickness and core density) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 Three test procedures are provided. Procedures A and B correspond to D6264/D6264M test procedures for rigidlybacked and edge-supported test conditions, respectively. Procedure C corresponds to D7136/D7136M test procedures. All three procedures are suitable for imparting damage to a sandwich specimen in preparation for subsequent damage tolerance testing in accordance with Test Method D8287/D8287M (compressive loading) and Practice D8388/D8388M (flexural loading).  
1.4 In general, Procedure A is considered to be the most suitable procedure for comparative damage resistance assessments, due to reduced influence of flexural stiffness and support fixture characteristics upon damage formation. However, the selection of a test procedure and associated support conditions should be done in consideration of the intended structural application, and as such Procedures B and C may be more appropriate for comparative purposes for some applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not ...

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