D30.04 - Lamina and Laminate Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poissons ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of metal matrix composites reinforced by continuous and discontinuous high-modulus fibers. Nontraditional metal matrix composites as stated in 1.1.6 also are covered in this test method. This test method applies to specimens loaded in a uniaxial manner tested in laboratory air at either room temperature or elevated temperatures. The types of metal matrix composites covered are:  
1.1.1 Unidirectional laminates (all fibers aligned in a single direction) containing either continuous or discontinuous reinforcing fibers. Both longitudinal and transverse properties may be obtained.  
1.1.2 0°/90° balanced crossply laminates containing either continuous or discontinuous reinforcing fibers.  
1.1.3 Angleply laminates containing continuous reinforcing fibers, with layups that do not include 0° reinforcing fibers (that is, (±45)ns, (±30)ns, and so forth).  
1.1.4 Multidirectional laminates containing continuous reinforcing fibers, with layups including 0° reinforcing fibers (that is, (0/±45/90)ns quasi-isotropic laminates, (0/±30)ns laminates, and so forth).  
1.1.5 Laminates containing unoriented and random discontinuous fibers.  
1.1.6 Directionally solidified eutectic composites.  
1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1996 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards. The standard therefore should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1996. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the glass transition temperature of continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites using the DMA method. The DMA Tg value is frequently used to indicate the upper use temperature of composite materials, as well as for quality control of composite materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of the dry or wet (moisture conditioned) glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer matrix composites containing high-modulus, 20 GPa (> 3 × 106 psi), fibers using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) under flexural oscillation mode, which is a specific subset of the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) method.  
1.2 The glass transition temperature is dependent upon the physical property measured, the type of measuring apparatus and the experimental parameters used. The glass transition temperature determined by this test method (referred to as “DMA Tg”) may not be the same as that reported by other measurement techniques on the same test specimen.  
1.3 This test method is primarily intended for polymer matrix composites reinforced by continuous, oriented, high-modulus fibers. Other materials, such as neat resin, may require non-standard deviations from this test method to achieve meaningful results.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. The values given in parentheses are non-standard mathematical conversions to common units that are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1)2 test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.  
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.  
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) composites as well as multi-directional composite laminates, fabric composites, chopped fiber composites, and similar materials can be tested.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining the compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M, D5467/D5467M, and D695.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference for the testing of textile composite materials.  
4.2 The use of this guide ensures that proper consideration is given to the unique characteristics of these materials in testing. In addition, this guide also assists the user in selecting the best currently available ASTM test method for measurement of commonly evaluated material properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is applicable to the testing of textile composites fabricated using fabric preforms, such as weaves, braids, stitched preforms, and so forth, as the reinforcement. The purpose of this guide is to:  
1.1.1 Ensure that proper consideration is given to the unique characteristics of these materials in testing.  
1.1.2 Assist the user in selecting the best currently available ASTM test method for the measurement of commonly evaluated material properties for this class of materials.  
1.2 Areas where current ASTM test methods do not meet the needs for testing of textile composites are indicated.  
1.3 It is not the intent of this guide to cover all test methods which could possibly be used for textile composites. Only the most commonly used and most applicable standards are included.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to yield tensile fatigue data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the fatigue life of the test specimen under a specific loading and environmental condition. Replicate tests may be used to obtain a distribution of fatigue life for specific material types, laminate stacking sequences, environments, and loading conditions. Guidance in statistical analysis of fatigue life data, such as determination of linearized stress life (S-N) or strain-life (ε-N) curves, can be found in Practice E739.  
5.2 This test method can be utilized in the study of fatigue damage in a polymer matrix composite such as the occurrence of microscopic cracks, fiber fractures, or delaminations.3 The specimen's residual strength or stiffness, or both, may change due to these damage mechanisms. The loss in stiffness may be quantified by discontinuing cyclic loading at selected cycle intervals to obtain the quasi-static axial stress-strain curve using modulus determination procedures found in Test Method D3039/D3039M. The loss in strength associated with fatigue damage may be determined by discontinuing cyclic loading to obtain the static strength using Test Method D3039/D3039M.  
Note 1: This test method may be used as a guide to conduct tension-tension variable amplitude loading. This information can be useful in the understanding of fatigue behavior of composite structures under spectrum loading conditions, but is not covered in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the fatigue behavior of polymer matrix composite materials subjected to tensile cyclic loading. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test method is limited to unnotched test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial in-plane loading where the loading is defined in terms of a test control parameter.  
1.2 This test method presents two procedures where each defines a different test control parameter.  
1.2.1 Procedure A—A system in which the test control parameter is the load (stress) and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude load cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using either engineering stress or applied load as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—A system in which the test control parameter is the strain in the loading direction and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude strain cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using engineering strain in the loading direction as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In most cases, because of the complexity of internal stresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in this specimen, it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam strength to any one material property. However, failures are normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties, and the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given specimen geometry, material system, and stacking sequence  (4).  
5.2 Short-beam strength determined by this test method can be used for quality control and process specification purposes. It can also be used for comparative testing of composite materials, provided that failures occur consistently in the same mode (5) .  
5.3 This test method is not limited to specimens within the range specified in Section 8, but is limited to the use of a loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0 and a minimum specimen thickness of 2.0 mm [0.08 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The specimen is a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in three-point bending.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous- or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength,    
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure,    
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity,  E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's Ratio,  υ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:  
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ22uc,  
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε22uc,  
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio, γ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination of transverse compressive properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce inplane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the inplane shear response and should therefore be reported are material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method are as follows:  
5.1.1 Inplane Shear Strength, τ12u,  
5.1.2 Inplane Shear Strain at Failure, γ12u , and  
5.1.3 Inplane Shear Modulus, G12.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the inplane shear properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in torsion for determination of inplane shear properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A constituent content of a composite material must be known in order to analytically model the material properties (mechanical, physical, thermal, or electrical) of the composite which are affected by the reinforcement or matrix. Also, knowledge of the constituent content is required for evaluation of the quality of a fabricated material and the processes used during fabrication.  
5.2 The void volume of a composite material may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void volumes usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to moisture penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. Knowledge of the void volume of a composite material is desirable as an indication of the quality of a composite.  
5.3 Reinforcement content may be used to normalize mechanical properties affected by amount of reinforcement in the coupon.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of composite materials by one of two approaches. Test Method I physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition or carbonization by one of eight procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void volume. Test Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness, based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Test Method II is not applicable to the measurement of void volume.  
1.1.1 These test methods are primarily intended for two-part composite material systems. However, special provisions can be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems with more than two constituents, though not all test results can be determined in every case.  
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.  
1.1.3 Test Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium or carbonization. A procedure for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforcement is included. Procedures A through F are based on chemical removal of the matrix, while Procedure G removes the matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace. Procedure H carbonizes the matrix in a furnace.  
1.1.4 Test Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured. Eq 15 and 16 assume zero void content to perform the calculation.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 9 for additional information.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines the flexural properties (including strength, stiffness, and load/deflection behavior) of polymer matrix composite materials under the conditions defined. Procedure A is used for three-point loading and Procedure B is used for four-point loading. This test method was developed for optimum use with continuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites and differs in several respects from other flexure methods, including the use of a standard span-to-thickness ratio of 32:1 versus the 16:1 ratio used by Test Methods D790 (a plastics-focused method covering three-point flexure) and D6272 (a plastics-focused method covering four-point flexure).  
5.2 This test method is intended to interrogate long-beam strength in contrast to the short-beam strength evaluated by Test Method D2344/D2344M.  
5.3 Flexural properties determined by these procedures can be used for quality control and specification purposes, and may find design applications.  
5.4 These procedures can be useful in the evaluation of multiple environmental conditions to determine which are design drivers and may require further testing.  
5.5 These procedures may also be used to determine flexural properties of structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the flexural stiffness and strength properties of polymer matrix composites.  
1.1.1 Procedure A—A three-point loading system utilizing center loading on a simply supported beam.  
1.1.2 Procedure B—A four-point loading system utilizing two load points equally spaced from their adjacent support points, with a distance between load points of one-half of the support span.
Note 1: Unlike Test Method D6272, which allows loading at both one-third and one-half of the support span, in order to standardize geometry and simplify calculations, this standard permits loading at only one-half the support span.  
1.2 For comparison purposes, tests may be conducted according to either test procedure, provided that the same procedure is used for all tests, since the two procedures generally give slightly different property values.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The techniques described in this guide, if properly used in conjunction with a knowledge of behavior of particular material systems, will aid in the proper preparation of consolidated laminates for mechanical property testing.  
5.2 The techniques described are recommended to facilitate the consistent production of satisfactory test specimens by minimizing uncontrolled processing variance during specimen fabrication.  
5.3 Steps 3 through 8 of the 8-step process may not be required for particular specimen or test types. If the specimen or test does not require a given step in the process of specimen fabrication, that particular step may be skipped.  
5.4 A test specimen represents a simplification of the structural part. The test specimen's value lies in the ability of several sites to be able to test the specimen using standard techniques. Test data may not show identical properties to those obtained in a large structure, but a correlation can be made between test results and part performance. This may be due, in part, to the difficulty of creating a processing environment for test specimens that identically duplicates that of larger scale processes.  
5.5 Tolerances are guidelines based on current lab practices. This guide does not attempt to give detailed instructions due to the variety of possible panels and specimens that could be made. The tolerances should be used as a starting reference from which refinements can be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines to facilitate the proper preparation of laminates and test specimens from fiber-reinforced organic matrix composite prepregs. The scope is limited to organic matrices and fiber reinforcement in unidirectional (tape) or orthagonal weave patterns. Other forms may require deviations from these general guidelines. Other processing techniques for test coupon preparation, for example, pultrusion, filament winding and resin-transfer molding, are not addressed.  
1.2 Specimen preparation is modeled as an 8-step process that is presented in Fig. 1 and Section 8. Laminate consolidation techniques are assumed to be by press or autoclave. This practice assumes that the materials are properly handled by the test facility to meet the requirements specified by the material supplier(s) or specification, or both. Proper test specimen identification also includes designation of process equipment, process steps, and any irregularities identified during processing.
FIG. 1 8 Step Mechanical Test Data Model  
Note 1: Material identification is mandatory. Continuous traceability of specimens is required throughout the process.
Process checks (Appendix X4) may be done at the end of each step to verify that the step was performed to give a laminate or specimen of satisfactory quality.
Steps 4 and 5 may be interchanged. For aramid fibers, step 5 routinely precedes step 4.
Steps 6, 7 and 8 may be interchanged.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These shear tests are designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, and design. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and fiber volume reinforcement content. Properties that may be measured by this test method include:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear stress, and  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress. In cases in which the engineering shear strain at failure is greater than 5 %, the shear stress corresponding to 5 % engineering shear strain should be reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in the following material forms:  
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
Note 1: Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/D7078M.  
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear stress state in the gage section.  
1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and envi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This shear test is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1,  1-3 or 3-1, 2-3 or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:  
5.2.1 Shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.2.2 Ultimate shear strength,  
5.2.3 Ultimate engineering shear strain, and  
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.  
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:  
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.  
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on stand...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Procedure A is designed to produce moisture diffusion material property data that may be used as follows:  
5.1.1 To determine approximate exposure times for coupon conditioning in Procedures B-E, Y, and Z;  
5.1.2 As input to moisture prediction analysis computer codes; or  
5.1.3 For making qualitative decisions on material selection or performance under environmental exposure to various forms of moisture.  
5.2 Procedures B-E are designed to condition test coupons to a specified environmental condition or equilibrium state prior to other material property testing (including, but not limited to, mechanical testing).  
5.3 Procedures Y-Z are designed to determine the loss of moisture content due to removal of a test coupon from the conditioning chamber (such as for strain gauge bonding) or due to heating of the test coupon prior to and during mechanical loading.  
5.4 A single pair of tests on thin and thick specimens using Procedure A provides the moisture diffusivity constant, Dz, and the moisture equilibrium content, Mm, at the given moisture exposure level and temperature. Multiple tests at differing temperatures are required to establish the dependence of Dz on temperature. Multiple tests at differing moisture exposure levels are required to establish the dependence of Mm on moisture exposure level.
Note 1: For many polymer matrix composites, the moisture diffusivity is usually only weakly related to relative humidity and is often assumed to be a function only of temperature, usually following an Arrhenius-type exponential relation with inverse absolute temperature. For many of these materials, moisture equilibrium content is only weakly related to temperature and is usually assumed to be a function only of relative humidity (1).  
5.5 Vapor-exposure testing shall be used to condition the specimen when the in-service environmental condition is a vapor such as humid air. Immersion in a liquid bath should be used to simulate vapor exposure only whe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of moisture absorption or desorption properties in the through-the-thickness direction for single-phase Fickian solid materials in flat or curved panel form. Also covered are procedures for conditioning test coupons prior to use in other test methods; either to an essentially moisture-free state, to equilibrium in a standard laboratory atmosphere environment, or to equilibrium in a non-laboratory environment. Also included are procedures for determining the moisture loss during elevated temperature testing, as well as moisture loss resulting from thermal exposure after removal from the conditioning environment, such as during strain gauge bonding. While intended primarily for laminated polymer matrix composite materials, these procedures are also applicable to other materials that satisfy the assumptions of 1.2.  
1.2 The calculation of the through-the-thickness moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A assumes a single-phase Fickian material with constant moisture absorption properties through the thickness of the specimen. The validity of the equations used in Procedure A for evaluating the moisture diffusivity constant in a material of previously unknown moisture absorption behavior is uncertain prior to the test, as the test results themselves determine if the material follows the single-phase Fickian diffusion model. A reinforced polymer matrix composite material tested below its glass-transition temperature typically meets this requirement, although two-phase matrices such as toughened epoxies may require a multi-phase moisture absorption model. While the test procedures themselves may be used for multi-phase materials, the calculations used to determine the moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A are applicable only to single-phase materials. Other examples of materials and test conditions that may not meet the requirements are discussed in Sec...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1, 1-3 or 3-1, 2-3  or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:  
5.2.1 Shear stress/strain response,  
5.2.2 Ultimate strength,  
5.2.3 Ultimate strain, and  
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the shear properties of composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:  
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the loading axis.  
1.1.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the loading axis.  
1.1.3 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, containing equal numbers of plies oriented at 0 and 90° in a balanced and symmetric stacking sequence, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the loading axis.  
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.  
Note 1: This shear test concept was originally developed without reference to fiber direction for use on isotropic materials such as metals or ceramics.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence and overall thickness, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties that may be derived from this test method include the following:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear properties,  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress for a ±45° laminate, and  
5.1.5 Maximum in-plane engineering shear strain for a ±45° laminate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear response of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material form is limited to a continuous-fiber-reinforced composite ±45° laminate capable of being tension tested in the laminate x direction.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio, and  
5.1.5 Transition strain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce membrane compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the compressive response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material and specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, speed of testing, time at reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Transition strain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers in a sandwich beam configuration. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber composites of unidirectional orientation. This test procedure introduces compressive load into a thin skin bonded to a thick honeycomb core with the compressive load transmitted into the sample by subjecting the beam to four-point bending.  
1.2 This procedure is applicable primarily to laminates made from prepreg or similar product forms. Other product forms may require deviations from the test method.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M and D695.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the compressive response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and layup, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression, and  
5.1.5 Transition strain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test procedure introduces the compressive force into the specimen through shear at wedge grip interfaces. This type of force transfer differs from the procedure in Test Method D695 where compressive force is transmitted into the specimen by end-loading, Test Method D6641/D6641M where compressive force is transmitted by combined shear and end loading, and Test Method D5467/D5467M where compressive force is transmitted by subjecting a honeycomb core sandwich beam with thin skins to four-point bending.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to composites made from unidirectional tape, wet-tow placement, textile (for example, fabric), short fibers, or similar product forms. Some product forms may require deviations from the test method.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining compressive properties of resin-matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D695, D5467/D5467M, and D6641/D6641M.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These shear tests are designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, and design. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and fiber volume reinforcement content. Properties that may be measured by this test method include:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear stress, and  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress. In cases in which the engineering shear strain at failure is greater than 5 %, the shear stress corresponding to 5 % engineering shear strain should be reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in the following material forms:  
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
Note 1: Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/D7078M.  
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear stress state in the gage section.  
1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and envi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This shear test is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1,  1-3 or 3-1, 2-3 or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:  
5.2.1 Shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.2.2 Ultimate shear strength,  
5.2.3 Ultimate engineering shear strain, and  
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.  
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:  
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.  
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on stand...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1, 1-3 or 3-1, 2-3  or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:  
5.2.1 Shear stress/strain response,  
5.2.2 Ultimate strength,  
5.2.3 Ultimate strain, and  
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the shear properties of composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:  
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the loading axis.  
1.1.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the loading axis.  
1.1.3 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, containing equal numbers of plies oriented at 0 and 90° in a balanced and symmetric stacking sequence, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the loading axis.  
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.  
Note 1: This shear test concept was originally developed without reference to fiber direction for use on isotropic materials such as metals or ceramics.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This shear test is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1,  1-3 or 3-1, 2-3 or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:  
5.2.1 Shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.2.2 Ultimate shear strength,  
5.2.3 Ultimate engineering shear strain, and  
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.  
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:  
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.  
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardiza...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to yield tensile fatigue data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the fatigue life of the test specimen under a specific loading and environmental condition. Replicate tests may be used to obtain a distribution of fatigue life for specific material types, laminate stacking sequences, environments, and loading conditions. Guidance in statistical analysis of fatigue life data, such as determination of linearized stress life (S-N) or strain-life (ε-N) curves, can be found in Practice E739.  
5.2 This test method can be utilized in the study of fatigue damage in a polymer matrix composite such as the occurrence of microscopic cracks, fiber fractures, or delaminations.3 The specimen's residual strength or stiffness, or both, may change due to these damage mechanisms. The loss in stiffness may be quantified by discontinuing cyclic loading at selected cycle intervals to obtain the quasi-static axial stress-strain curve using modulus determination procedures found in Test Method D3039/D3039M. The loss in strength associated with fatigue damage may be determined by discontinuing cyclic loading to obtain the static strength using Test Method D3039/D3039M.  
Note 1: This test method may be used as a guide to conduct tension-tension variable amplitude loading. This information can be useful in the understanding of fatigue behavior of composite structures under spectrum loading conditions, but is not covered in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the fatigue behavior of polymer matrix composite materials subjected to tensile cyclic loading. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test method is limited to unnotched test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial in-plane loading where the loading is defined in terms of a test control parameter.  
1.2 This test method presents two procedures where each defines a different test control parameter.  
1.2.1 Procedure A—A system in which the test control parameter is the load (stress) and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude load cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using either engineering stress or applied load as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—A system in which the test control parameter is the strain in the loading direction and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude strain cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using engineering strain in the loading direction as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poissons ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of metal matrix composites reinforced by continuous and discontinuous high-modulus fibers. Nontraditional metal matrix composites as stated in 1.1.6 also are covered in this test method. This test method applies to specimens loaded in a uniaxial manner tested in laboratory air at either room temperature or elevated temperatures. The types of metal matrix composites covered are:  
1.1.1 Unidirectional—Any fiber-reinforced composite with all fibers aligned in a single direction. Continuous or discontinuous reinforcing fibers, longitudinal and transverse properties.  
1.1.2 0°/90° Balanced Crossply—A laminate composed of only 0 and 90° plies. This is not necessarily symmetric, continuous, or discontinuous reinforcing fibers.  
1.1.3 Angleply Laminate—Any balanced laminate consisting of ± theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect to a reference direction. Continuous reinforcing fibers without 0° reinforcing fibers (that is, (±45)ns, (±30)ns, and so forth).  
1.1.4 Quasi-Isotropic Laminate—A balanced and symmetric laminate for which a constitutive property of interest, at a given point, displays isotropic behavior in the plane of the laminate. Continuous reinforcing fibers with 0° reinforcing fibers (that is, (0/±45/90)s, (0/±30)s, and so forth).  
1.1.5 Unoriented and Random Discontinuous Fibers.  
1.1.6 Directionally Solidified Eutectic Composites.  
1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1996 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards. The standard therefore should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1996. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1)2 test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.  
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.  
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) composites as well as multi-directional composite laminates, fabric composites, chopped fiber composites, and similar materials can be tested.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining the compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M, D5467/D5467M, and D695.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1)2 test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.  
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.  
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) composites as well as multi-directional composite laminates, fabric composites, chopped fiber composites, and similar materials can be tested.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining the compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M, D5467/D5467M, and D695.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1)2 test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.  
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.  
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) composites as well as multi-directional composite laminates, fabric composites, chopped fiber composites, and similar materials can be tested.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining the compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M, D5467/D5467M, and D695.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference for the testing of textile composite materials.  
4.2 The use of this guide ensures that proper consideration is given to the unique characteristics of these materials in testing. In addition, this guide also assists the user in selecting the best currently available ASTM test method for measurement of commonly evaluated material properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is applicable to the testing of textile composites fabricated using fabric preforms, such as weaves, braids, stitched preforms, and so forth, as the reinforcement. The purpose of this guide is to:  
1.1.1 Ensure that proper consideration is given to the unique characteristics of these materials in testing.  
1.1.2 Assist the user in selecting the best currently available ASTM test method for the measurement of commonly evaluated material properties for this class of materials.  
1.2 Areas where current ASTM test methods do not meet the needs for testing of textile composites are indicated.  
1.3 It is not the intent of this guide to cover all test methods which could possibly be used for textile composites. Only the most commonly used and most applicable standards are included.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In most cases, because of the complexity of internal stresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in this specimen, it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam strength to any one material property. However, failures are normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties, and the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given specimen geometry, material system, and stacking sequence  (4).  
5.2 Short-beam strength determined by this test method can be used for quality control and process specification purposes. It can also be used for comparative testing of composite materials, provided that failures occur consistently in the same mode (5) .  
5.3 This test method is not limited to specimens within the range specified in Section 8, but is limited to the use of a loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0 and a minimum specimen thickness of 2.0 mm [0.08 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The specimen is a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in three-point bending.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous- or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:  
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ22uc,  
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε22uc,  
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio, γ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination of transverse compressive properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The standard, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength,    
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure,    
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity,  E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's Ratio,  υ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The standard, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce inplane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the inplane shear response and should therefore be reported are material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method are as follows:  
5.1.1 Inplane Shear Strength, τ12u,  
5.1.2 Inplane Shear Strain at Failure, γ12u , and  
5.1.3 Inplane Shear Modulus, G12.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the inplane shear properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in torsion for determination of inplane shear properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The standard, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the compressive response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and layup, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression, and  
5.1.5 Transition strain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test procedure introduces the compressive force into the specimen through shear at wedge grip interfaces. This type of force transfer differs from the procedure in Test Method D695 where compressive force is transmitted into the specimen by end-loading, Test Method D6641/D6641M where compressive force is transmitted by combined shear and end loading, and Test Method D5467/D5467M where compressive force is transmitted by subjecting a honeycomb core sandwich beam with thin skins to four-point bending.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to composites made from unidirectional tape, wet-tow placement, textile (for example, fabric), short fibers, or similar product forms. Some product forms may require deviations from the test method.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining compressive properties of resin-matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D695, D5467/D5467M, and D6641/D6641M.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The techniques described in this guide, if properly used in conjunction with a knowledge of behavior of particular material systems, will aid in the proper preparation of consolidated laminates for mechanical property testing.  
5.2 The techniques described are recommended to facilitate the consistent production of satisfactory test specimens by minimizing uncontrolled processing variance during specimen fabrication.  
5.3 Steps 3 through 8 of the 8-step process may not be required for particular specimen or test types. If the specimen or test does not require a given step in the process of specimen fabrication, that particular step may be skipped.  
5.4 A test specimen represents a simplification of the structural part. The test specimen's value lies in the ability of several sites to be able to test the specimen using standard techniques. Test data may not show identical properties to those obtained in a large structure, but a correlation can be made between test results and part performance. This may be due, in part, to the difficulty of creating a processing environment for test specimens that identically duplicates that of larger scale processes.  
5.5 Tolerances are guidelines based on current lab practices. This guide does not attempt to give detailed instructions due to the variety of possible panels and specimens that could be made. The tolerances should be used as a starting reference from which refinements can be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines to facilitate the proper preparation of laminates and test specimens from fiber-reinforced organic matrix composite prepregs. The scope is limited to organic matrices and fiber reinforcement in unidirectional (tape) or orthagonal weave patterns. Other forms may require deviations from these general guidelines. Other processing techniques for test coupon preparation, for example, pultrusion, filament winding and resin-transfer molding, are not addressed.  
1.2 Specimen preparation is modeled as an 8-step process that is presented in Fig. 1 and Section 8. Laminate consolidation techniques are assumed to be by press or autoclave. This practice assumes that the materials are properly handled by the test facility to meet the requirements specified by the material supplier(s) or specification, or both. Identification and information gathering guidelines are modeled after Guide E1309. Test specimens shall be directly traceable to material used as designated in Guide E1434. Proper test specimen identification also includes designation of process equipment, process steps, and any irregularities identified during processing. Steps 6, 7 and 8 may be interchanged.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the glass transition temperature of continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites using the DMA method. The DMA Tg value is frequently used to indicate the upper use temperature of composite materials, as well as for quality control of composite materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of the dry or wet (moisture conditioned) glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer matrix composites containing high-modulus, 20 GPa (> 3 × 106 psi), fibers using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) under flexural oscillation mode, which is a specific subset of the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) method.  
1.2 The glass transition temperature is dependent upon the physical property measured, the type of measuring apparatus and the experimental parameters used. The glass transition temperature determined by this test method (referred to as “DMA Tg”) may not be the same as that reported by other measurement techniques on the same test specimen.  
1.3 This test method is primarily intended for polymer matrix composites reinforced by continuous, oriented, high-modulus fibers. Other materials, such as neat resin, may require non-standard deviations from this test method to achieve meaningful results.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. The values given in parentheses are non-standard mathematical conversions to common units that are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These shear tests are designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, and design. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and fiber volume reinforcement content. Properties that may be measured by this test method include:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear stress, and  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress. In cases in which the engineering shear strain at failure is greater than 5 %, the shear stress corresponding to 5 % engineering shear strain should be reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in the following material forms:  
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
Note 1: Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/D7078M.  
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear stress state in the gage section.  
1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicab...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A constituent content of a composite material must be known in order to analytically model the material properties (mechanical, physical, thermal, or electrical) of the composite which are affected by the reinforcement or matrix. Also, knowledge of the constituent content is required for evaluation of the quality of a fabricated material and the processes used during fabrication.  
5.2 The void volume of a composite material may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void volumes usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to moisture penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. Knowledge of the void volume of a composite material is desirable as an indication of the quality of a composite.  
5.3 Reinforcement content may be used to normalize mechanical properties affected by amount of reinforcement in the coupon.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of composite materials by one of two approaches. Test Method I physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition or carbonization by one of eight procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void volume. Test Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness, based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Test Method II is not applicable to the measurement of void volume.  
1.1.1 These test methods are primarily intended for two-part composite material systems. However, special provisions can be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems with more than two constituents, though not all test results can be determined in every case.  
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.  
1.1.3 Test Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium or carbonization. A procedure for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforcement is included. Procedures A through F are based on chemical removal of the matrix while Procedure G removes the matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace. Procedure H carbonizes the matrix in a furnace.  
1.1.4 Test Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured. Eq 15 and 16 assume zero void content to perform the calculation.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 9 for additional information.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines the flexural properties (including strength, stiffness, and load/deflection behavior) of polymer matrix composite materials under the conditions defined. Procedure A is used for three-point loading and Procedure B is used for four-point loading. This test method was developed for optimum use with continuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites and differs in several respects from other flexure methods, including the use of a standard span-to-thickness ratio of 32:1 versus the 16:1 ratio used by Test Methods D790 (a plastics-focused method covering three-point flexure) and D6272 (a plastics-focused method covering four-point flexure).  
5.2 This test method is intended to interrogate long-beam strength in contrast to the short-beam strength evaluated by Test Method D2344/D2344M.  
5.3 Flexural properties determined by these procedures can be used for quality control and specification purposes, and may find design applications.  
5.4 These procedures can be useful in the evaluation of multiple environmental conditions to determine which are design drivers and may require further testing.  
5.5 These procedures may also be used to determine flexural properties of structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the flexural stiffness and strength properties of polymer matrix composites.  
1.1.1 Procedure A—A three-point loading system utilizing center loading on a simply supported beam.  
1.1.2 Procedure B—A four-point loading system utilizing two load points equally spaced from their adjacent support points, with a distance between load points of one-half of the support span.
Note 1: Unlike Test Method D6272, which allows loading at both one-third and one-half of the support span, in order to standardize geometry and simplify calculations this standard permits loading at only one-half the support span.  
1.2 For comparison purposes, tests may be conducted according to either test procedure, provided that the same procedure is used for all tests, since the two procedures generally give slightly different property values.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These shear tests are designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, and design. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and fiber volume reinforcement content. Properties that may be measured by this test method include:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear stress, and  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress. In cases in which the strain at failure is greater than 5 %, the shear stress corresponding to 5 % shear strain should be reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive load applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in the following material forms:  
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
Note 1: Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D5448/D5448M, and Practice D3518/D3518M.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1)2 test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.  
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.  
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) composites as well as multi-directional composite laminates, fabric composites, chopped fiber composites, and similar materials can be tested.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining the compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M, D5467/D5467M, and D695.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Procedure A is designed to produce moisture diffusion material property data that may be used as follows:  
5.1.1 To determine approximate exposure times for coupon conditioning in Procedures B-E, Y, and Z;  
5.1.2 As input to moisture prediction analysis computer codes; or  
5.1.3 For making qualitative decisions on material selection or performance under environmental exposure to various forms of moisture.  
5.2 Procedures B-E are designed to condition test coupons to a specified environmental condition or equilibrium state prior to other material property testing (including but not limited to mechanical testing).  
5.3 Procedures Y-Z are designed to determine the loss of moisture content due to removal of a test coupon from the conditioning chamber (such as for strain gauge bonding) or due to heating of the test coupon prior to and during mechanical loading.  
5.4 A single pair of tests on thin and thick specimens using Procedure A provides the moisture diffusivity constant, Dz, and the moisture equilibrium content, Mm, at the given moisture exposure level and temperature. Multiple tests at differing temperatures are required to establish the dependence of Dz on temperature. Multiple tests at differing moisture exposure levels are required to establish the dependence of Mm on moisture exposure level.
Note 1: For many polymer matrix composites the moisture diffusivity is usually only weakly related to relative humidity and is often assumed to be a function only of temperature, usually following an Arrhenius-type exponential relation with inverse absolute temperature. For many of these materials, moisture equilibrium content is only weakly related to temperature and is usually assumed to be a function only of relative humidity (1).  
5.5 Vapor-exposure testing shall be used to condition the specimen when the in-service environmental condition is a vapor such as humid air. Immersion in a liquid bath should be used to simulate vapor exposure only when a...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of moisture absorption or desorption properties in the through-the-thickness direction for single-phase Fickian solid materials in flat or curved panel form. Also covered are procedures for conditioning test coupons prior to use in other test methods; either to an essentially moisture-free state, to equilibrium in a standard laboratory atmosphere environment, or to equilibrium in a non-laboratory environment. Also included are procedures for determining the moisture loss during elevated temperature testing, as well as moisture loss resulting from thermal exposure after removal from the conditioning environment, such as during strain gauge bonding. While intended primarily for laminated polymer matrix composite materials, these procedures are also applicable to other materials that satisfy the assumptions of 1.2.  
1.2 The calculation of the through-the-thickness moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A assumes a single-phase Fickian material with constant moisture absorption properties through the thickness of the specimen. The validity of the equations used in Procedure A for evaluating the moisture diffusivity constant in a material of previously unknown moisture absorption behavior is uncertain prior to the test, as the test results themselves determine if the material follows the single-phase Fickian diffusion model. A reinforced polymer matrix composite material tested below its glass-transition temperature typically meets this requirement, although two-phase matrices such as toughened epoxies may require a multi-phase moisture absorption model. While the test procedures themselves may be used for multi-phase materials, the calculations used to determine the moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A are applicable only to single-phase materials. Other examples of materials and test conditions that may not meet the requirements are discussed in Sec...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio, and  
5.1.5 Transition strain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Procedure A is designed to produce moisture diffusion material property data that may be used as follows:  
5.1.1 To determine approximate exposure times for coupon conditioning in Procedures B-E, Y, Z;  
5.1.2 As input to moisture prediction analysis computer codes; or  
5.1.3 For making qualitative decisions on material selection or performance under environmental exposure to various forms of moisture.  
5.2 Procedures B-E are designed to condition test coupons to a specified environmental condition or equilibrium state prior to other material property testing (including but not limited to mechanical testing).  
5.3 Procedures Y-Z are designed to determine the loss of moisture content due to removal of a test coupon from the conditioning chamber (such as for strain gage bonding) or due to heating of the test coupon prior to and during mechanical loading.  
5.4 A single pair of tests on thin and thick specimens using Procedure A provides the moisture diffusivity constant, Dz, and the moisture equilibrium content, Mm, at the given moisture exposure level and temperature. Multiple tests at differing temperatures are required to establish the dependence of Dz on temperature. Multiple tests at differing moisture exposure levels are required to establish the dependence of Mm on moisture exposure level. Note 1—For many polymer matrix composites the moisture diffusivity is usually only weakly related to relative humidity and is often assumed to be a function only of temperature, usually following an Arrhenius-type exponential relation with inverse absolute temperature. For many of these materials, moisture equilibrium content is only weakly related to temperature and is usually assumed to be a function only of relative humidity. (1)  
5.5 Vapor-exposure testing shall be used to condition the specimen when the in-service environmental condition is a vapor such as humid air. Immersion in a liquid bath should be used to simulate vapor exposure only when appar...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of moisture absorption or desorption properties in the through-the-thickness direction for single-phase Fickian solid materials in flat or curved panel form. Also covered are procedures for conditioning test coupons prior to use in other test methods; either to an essentially moisture-free state, to equilibrium in a standard laboratory atmosphere environment, or to equilibrium in a non-laboratory environment. Also included are procedures for determining the moisture loss during elevated temperature testing, as well as moisture loss resulting from thermal exposure after removal from the conditioning environment, such as during strain gage bonding. While intended primarily for laminated polymer matrix composite materials, these procedures are also applicable to other materials that satisfy the assumptions of 1.2.  
1.2 The calculation of the through-the-thickness moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A assumes a single-phase Fickian material with constant moisture absorption properties through the thickness of the specimen. The validity of the equations used in Procedure A for evaluating the moisture diffusivity constant in a material of previously unknown moisture absorption behavior is uncertain prior to the test, as the test results themselves determine if the material follows the single-phase Fickian diffusion model. A reinforced polymer matrix composite material tested below its glass-transition temperature typically meets this requirement, although two-phase matrices such as toughened epoxies may require a multi-phase moisture absorption model. While the test procedures themselves may be used for multi-phase materials, the calculations used to determine the moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A are applicable only to single-phase materials. Other examples of materials and test conditions that may not meet the requirements are discussed in Sec...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In most cases, because of the complexity of internal stresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in this specimen, it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam strength to any one material property. However, failures are normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties, and the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given specimen geometry, material system, and stacking sequence  (4).  
5.2 Short-beam strength determined by this test method can be used for quality control and process specification purposes. It can also be used for comparative testing of composite materials, provided that failures occur consistently in the same mode (5) .  
5.3 This test method is not limited to specimens within the range specified in Section 8, but is limited to the use of a loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0 and a minimum specimen thickness of 2.0 mm [0.08 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The specimen is a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in three-point bending.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous- or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence and overall thickness, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties that may be derived from this test method include the following:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear properties,  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress for a ±45° laminate, and  
5.1.5 Maximum in-plane engineering shear strain for a ±45° laminate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear response of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material form is limited to a continuous-fiber-reinforced composite ±45° laminate capable of being tension tested in the laminate x direction.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poissons ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of metal matrix composites reinforced by continuous and discontinuous high-modulus fibers. Nontraditional metal matrix composites as stated in 1.1.6 also are covered in this test method. This test method applies to specimens loaded in a uniaxial manner tested in laboratory air at either room temperature or elevated temperatures. The types of metal matrix composites covered are:  
1.1.1 Unidirectional—Any fiber-reinforced composite with all fibers aligned in a single direction. Continuous or discontinuous reinforcing fibers, longitudinal and transverse properties.  
1.1.2 0°/90° Balanced Crossply—A laminate composed of only 0 and 90° plies. This is not necessarily symmetric, continuous, or discontinuous reinforcing fibers.  
1.1.3 Angleply Laminate—Any balanced laminate consisting of ± theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect to a reference direction. Continuous reinforcing fibers without 0° reinforcing fibers (that is, (±45)ns, (±30)ns, and so forth).  
1.1.4 Quasi-Isotropic Laminate—A balanced and symmetric laminate for which a constitutive property of interest, at a given point, displays isotropic behavior in the plane of the laminate. Continuous reinforcing fibers with 0° reinforcing fibers (that is, (0/±45/90)s, (0/±30)s, and so forth).  
1.1.5 Unoriented and Random Discontinuous Fibers.  
1.1.6 Directionally Solidified Eutectic Composites.  
1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1996 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards. The standard therefore should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1996. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to yield tensile fatigue data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the fatigue life of the test specimen under a specific loading and environmental condition. Replicate tests may be used to obtain a distribution of fatigue life for specific material types, laminate stacking sequences, environments, and loading conditions. Guidance in statistical analysis of fatigue life data, such as determination of linearized stress life (S-N) or strain-life (ε-N) curves, can be found in Practice E739.  
5.2 This test method can be utilized in the study of fatigue damage in a polymer matrix composite such as the occurrence of microscopic cracks, fiber fractures, or delaminations.3 The specimen's residual strength or stiffness, or both, may change due to these damage mechanisms. The loss in stiffness may be quantified by discontinuing cyclic loading at selected cycle intervals to obtain the quasi-static axial stress-strain curve using modulus determination procedures found in Test Method D3039/D3039M. The loss in strength associated with fatigue damage may be determined by discontinuing cyclic loading to obtain the static strength using Test Method D3039/D3039M. Note 1—This test method may be used as a guide to conduct tension-tension variable amplitude loading. This information can be useful in the understanding of fatigue behavior of composite structures under spectrum loading conditions, but is not covered in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the fatigue behavior of polymer matrix composite materials subjected to tensile cyclic loading. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test method is limited to unnotched test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial in-plane loading where the loading is defined in terms of a test control parameter.  
1.2 This test method presents two procedures where each defines a different test control parameter.  
1.2.1 Procedure A—A system in which the test control parameter is the load (stress) and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude load cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using either engineering stress or applied load as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—A system in which the test control parameter is the strain in the loading direction and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude strain cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using engineering strain in the loading direction as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This shear test is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1,  1-3 or 3-1, 2-3 or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:  
5.2.1 Shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.2.2 Ultimate shear strength,  
5.2.3 Ultimate engineering shear strain,  
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity,
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also in contrast to Test Method D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.  
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:  
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.  
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.