ASTM D7392-07(2013)

Standard Practice for PM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications for Cement Plants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 EPA regulations require Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste to use BLDs or PMDs to provide either a relative or an absolute indication of PM concentration and to alert the plant operator of the need to inspect PM control equipment or initiate corrective action. EPA and others have not established for these applications specific design and performance specifications for these instruments. The design and performance specifications and test procedures contained in this practice will help ensure that measurement systems are capable of providing reliable monitoring data.  
5.2 This practice identifies relevant information and operational characteristics of BLD and PMD monitoring devices for Portland cement kiln systems. This practice will assist equipment suppliers and users in the evaluation and selection of appropriate monitoring equipment.  
5.3 This practice requires that tests be conducted to verify manufacturer’s published specifications for detection limit, linearity, thermal stability, insensitivity to supply voltage variations and other factors so that purchasers can rely on the manufacturer’s published specifications. Purchasers are also assured that the specific instrument has been tested at the point of manufacture and shown to meet selected design and performance specifications prior to shipment.  
5.4 This practice requires that the manufacturer develop and provide to the user written procedures for installation start-up, operation, maintenance, and quality assurance of the equipment. This practice requires that these same procedures are used for a field performance demonstration of the BLD or PMD monitoring equipment at a Portland cement plant.  
5.5 The applicable test procedures and specifications of this practice are selected to address the equipment and activities that are within the control of the manufacturer.  
5.6 This practice also may serve as the basis for third party independent audits of the certification procedures used ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying particulate matter detectors (PMDs) and bag leak detectors (BLDs) that are used to monitor particulate matter (PM) emissions from kiln systems at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste. It includes design specifications, performance specifications, test procedures, and information requirements to ensure that these continuous monitors meet minimum requirements, necessary in part, to monitor reliably PM concentrations to indicate the need for inspection or corrective action of the types of air pollution control devices that are used at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste.  
1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original manufacturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture, or resale of PMDs or BLDs.  
1.3 This practice applies to (a) wet or dry process cement kilns equipped with electrostatic precipitators, and (b) dry process kilns, including pre-heater pre-calciner kiln systems, equipped with fabric filter controls. Some types of monitoring instruments are suitable for only certain types of applications.
Note 1: This practice has been developed based on careful consideration of the nature and variability of PM concentrations, effluent conditions, and the type, configuration, and operating characteristics of air pollution control devices used at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste.  
1.4 This practice applies to Portland cement kiln systems subject to PM emission standards contained in 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE.
Note 2: The level of the PM emission limit is relevant to the design and selection of appropriate PMD and BLD instrumentation. The current promulgated PM emission standards (70 FR 59402, Oct. 12, 2005) are: (a) 65 mg/dscm at 7 % O2 (0.028 gr/dscf at 7 % O2) or approximately 30 mg/acm (0.013 gr/acf) for “existing sources” and (b) 5.3 mg/dscm at 7 % O2 (0.0023 gr/dscf at 7 % O2) or approximately 2.5 mg/ac...

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2013
• ICS: 13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions
• ICS: 91.200 - Construction technology
• Technical Committee: D22 - Air Quality
• Drafting Committee: D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7392 −07 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
PM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers to
Certify Conformance with Design and Performance
Specifications for Cement Plants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7392; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
for “new sources.” On March 23, 2006 (71 FR 14665) EPA proposed to
1. Scope
revise the PM standard for new cement plants to 15.9 mg/dscm at 7 % O
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying par-
(0.0069 gr/dscf at 7 % O ), or about 6-9 mg/acm (0.0026-0.0039 gr/acf).
ticulate matter detectors (PMDs) and bag leak detectors
Theemissionstandardsmaychangeinfuturerulemakings,sousersofthis
practice should check the current regulations. Some types of monitoring
(BLDs) that are used to monitor particulate matter (PM)
instruments are not suitable for use over the range of emissions encoun-
emissions from kiln systems at Portland cement plants that
tered at both new and existing sources.
burn hazardous waste. It includes design specifications, perfor-
mance specifications, test procedures, and information require- 1.5 The specifications and test procedures contained in this
ments to ensure that these continuous monitors meet minimum practice exceed those of the United States Environmental
requirements, necessary in part, to monitor reliably PM con- Protection Agency (USEPA). For each monitoring device that
centrations to indicate the need for inspection or corrective the manufacturer demonstrates conformance to this practice,
action of the types of air pollution control devices that are used the manufacturer may issue a certificate that states that
at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste. monitoring device conforms with all of the applicable design
and performance requirements of this practice and also meets
1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original
all applicable requirements for PMDs or BLDs at 40 CFR 63,
manufacturer,ortothoseinvolvedintherepair,remanufacture,
Subpart EEE, which apply to Portland cement plants.
or resale of PMDs or BLDs.
NOTE 3—40 CFR 63.1206 (c)(8) and (9) requires that BLDs and PMDs
1.3 This practice applies to (a) wet or dry process cement
“be certified by the manufacturer to be capable of detecting particulate
kilns equipped with electrostatic precipitators, and (b) dry
matter emissions at concentrations of 1.0 milligrams per actual cubic
process kilns, including pre-heater pre-calciner kiln systems,
meter unless you demonstrate under §63.1209(g), that a higher detection
equipped with fabric filter controls. Some types of monitoring
limit would routinely detect particulate matter loadings during normal
instruments are suitable for only certain types of applications. operations.” This practice includes specific procedures for determination
and reporting of the detection limit for each PMD or BLD model.
NOTE 1—This practice has been developed based on careful consider-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ation of the nature and variability of PM concentrations, effluent
conditions,andthetype,configuration,andoperatingcharacteristicsofair
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pollution control devices used at Portland cement plants that burn
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
hazardous waste.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.4 This practice applies to Portland cement kiln systems
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
subject to PM emission standards contained in 40 CFR 63,
Subpart EEE.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 2—The level of the PM emission limit is relevant to the design 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and selection of appropriate PMD and BLD instrumentation. The current
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
promulgatedPMemissionstandards(70FR59402,Oct.12,2005)are:(a)
Atmospheres
65 mg/dscm at 7 % O (0.028 gr/dscf at 7 % O ) or approximately 30
2 2
mg/acm (0.013 gr/acf) for “existing sources” and (b) 5.3 mg/dscm at 7 % D6216 Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Cer-
O (0.0023gr/dscfat7 %O )orapproximately2.5mg/acm(0.001gr/acf)
2 2 tify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifi-
cations
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
and Source Emissions. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published September 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7392 – 07. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7392-07R13. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7392−07 (2013)
D6831 Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particu- satisfy to be acceptable as a PMD or BLD for a cement kiln
late Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial that burns hazardous waste. Techniques for continuously mea-
Microbalance suring PM include optical transmittance (“opacity”), dynamic
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Documents: opacity (“scintillation”), optical scatter (side, forward and back
40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE National Emission Standards for
scatter), and probe electrification (sensors based on induction,
Hazardous Air Pollutants: Final Standards for Hazardous contact charge transfer, or combination of effects).
Air Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors
NOTE 4—Extractive systems using Beta attenuation to sense PM
2.3 Other Documents:
deposited on filters are used as PM CEMS but can not meet the sampling
ISO/DIS 9004 Quality Management and Quality System
and analysis frequency required by EPAregulations for PMDs and BLDs.
Elements-Guidelines
3.2.2.3 Discussion—PMD and BLD instruments that con-
ANSI/NCSL Z 540-1-1994 Calibration Laboratories and
form to the requirements of this practice include automated
Measuring Equipment - General Requirements
internalmechanismsthatareusedtoverifyproperperformance
3. Terminology
of the measurement device on a daily basis, or more frequent
3.1 For terminology relevant to this practice, see Terminol- basis if recommended by the manufacturer. PMD instruments
include mechanisms to facilitate external periodic audits of the
ogy D1356.
3.1.1 Definitions for transmittance measurement equipment measured parameter.
(that is, opacity monitors) are provided in Practice D6216.
3.2.3 light-scatter, n—the extent to which a beam of light is
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
reflected, refracted, or diffracted via interaction with PM in a
medium such that a measurable portion of the original beam’s
Analyzer Equipment
energy is redirected outside the original angle of projection.
3.2.1 bag leak detector [BLD], n—an instrument installed
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Back-scatter is generically defined as
downstream of a fabric filter control device that interacts with
scattering in excess of 150 degrees from the direction of the
a PM-laden effluent stream and produces an output signal of
original projected beam, side-scatter is generically defined as
sufficient accuracy and repeatability to track changes in PM
scattering between 30 degrees and 150 degrees from the
control device performance and, together with appropriate data
original direction, and forward-scatter is generically defined as
analysis, indicates the need to inspect the fabric filter as
scattering of less than 30 degrees from the projected beam.
referenced in the Federal Register, 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE.
3.2.3.2 Discussion—Because the correlation between the
BLDs are used to track rapid changes in PM concentration and
intensity and angular distribution of light scattering and the
must have sufficient dynamic range to track both “peaks” and
actual PM mass concentration is dependent on factors such as
baseline PM levels and include provisions for adjusting the
particle size, particle shape, wavelength of light, particle
averaging period, alarm delay, and alarm set point appropriate
density, etc., this practice is limited to: (a) verification of the
for source-specific conditions. BLDs must also include provi-
stability, linearity, and interference rejection of the measure-
sions to detect faults or malfunctions of the measurement
ment of scattered light, and (b) verification of the instrument
system.
sensitivity and detection limit. This practice does not recom-
3.2.2 particulate matter detector [PMD], n—an instrument
mend any specific light-scattering technology, and leaves the
that interacts with a PM-laden effluent stream and produces an
evaluation of the application to the discretion of the user of a
output signal of significant accuracy and repeatability so as to
BLD or PMD.
indicate significant changes in the concentration of particulate
3.2.3.3 Discussion—A light-scatter BLD or PMD may in-
material entrained in the effluent downstream of an electro-
clude the following: (a) sample interface equipment such as
static precipitator or fabric filter as referenced in the Federal
filters and purge air blowers to protect the instrument and
Register, 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE. PMDs are used to track
minimize contamination of exposed optical surfaces, (b) shut-
changes in PM concentrations using six-hour rolling averages,
ters or other devices to provide protection during power
updated each hour with a new one-hour block average. PMDs
outages or failure of the sample interface, and (c) a remote
must also include provisions to activate an alarm and detect
control unit to facilitate monitoring the output of the
faults or malfunctions of the measurement system.
instrument, initiation of zero and upscale calibration checks, or
3.2.2.1 Discussion—PMDs and BLDs are inherently infer-
control of other BLD or PMD functions.
ential monitoring devices that sense some parameter which, in
the absence of interfering effects, is directly related to PM
3.2.4 dynamic opacity, n—the amount of light variation
concentrations.
caused by particles traversing a cross-stack beam of transmit-
3.2.2.2 Discussion—This practice does not discriminate be-
ted light.
tween measurement techniques but instead provides design
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Dynamic opacity instruments measure
specifications and performance standards that all devices must
the alternating component of the transmitted light and are
sometimes referred to as scintillation instruments.
AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
3.2.4.2 Discussion—In certain dynamic instruments the
Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004,
measured alternating signal (light variation) is divided by the
http://www.epa.gov.
average transmitted light intensity signal to provide a ratio
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. measurement. This ratio is unaffected by optics contamination.
D7392−07 (2013)
3.2.5 probe electrification, n—methods by which the charge mance check devices, the degree to which the response of the
carried on PM creates a signal in a grounded sensing rod BLD or PMD has changed over a period of time.
through charge induction, contact, or combination.
Analyzer Zero Adjustments and Devices
3.2.5.1 Discussion—Probe electrification instruments mea-
sure the current produced by charged particles passing or
3.2.9 external zero audit device, n—an external device for
impacting a grounded sensing rod. Certain instruments mea- checking the zero alignment or performance of the measure-
sure the DC component of the signal, theAC component of the
ment system either by simulating with a surrogate the zero-PM
signal or both the DC and AC components of the signal. condition for a specific installed BLD or PMD or by creating
3.2.5.2 Discussion—Probeelectrificationinstrumentscanbe
the actual zero-particulate condition.
used after fabric filters where the particle charge is relatively
3.2.10 internal zero performance check device, n—an auto-
constant. The influence of changing velocity should be consid-
mated mechanism within a BLD or PMD that simulates a zero
ered when considering using probe electrification devices in
PM condition while the instrument is installed on a stack or
applications with variable speed fans or variable flow.
duct using a surrogate appropriate to the measurement tech-
3.2.6 BLD or PMD measuring volume, n—thespatialregion
nique.
in which the particles interact with the instrument to produce a
3.2.10.1 Discussion—The internal zero performance check
measurable signal.
device may be used to check zero drift daily, or more
3.2.6.1 Discussion—For light scattering or transmittance
frequently if recommended by the manufacturer, and whenever
instruments, the measuring volume is the spatial region where
necessary (for example, after corrective actions or repairs) to
the projected light and the field of view of the detector optics
assess BLD or PMD performance.
overlap in which the PM concentration can be detected via
3.2.10.2 Discussion—The proper response to either the
scattering of light or reduction of transmittance. For probe
external zero audit device or the internal zero performance
electrification instruments the measuring volume is the area
check device are established with the PMD set up in a clean
near the sensing probe.
environment and in such a way that no interference or stray
3.2.7 nominal full scale, n—the default, as-shipped full
signal reaches the detector. The internal zero performance
scale calibration of a BLD or PMD, based on standard gains check device thereby provides the surrogate, simulated zero
and offset settings established during field performance tests
PMconditionwhilethePMDisinserviceandtheexternalzero
under Section 7. audit device provides a check, which is independent of the
3.2.7.1 Discussion—The nominal full scale (NFS) will be
internal zero performance check, of the proper performance of
determined by the manufacturer by means of data taken as part the PMD.
of the verification of instrument sensitivity and detection limit
3.2.11 zero alignment, n—the process of establishing the
on at least one representative cement kiln installation.
quantitativerelationshipbetweentheinternalzeroperformance
3.2.8 BLD or PMD model, n
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7392 − 07 D7392 − 07 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
PM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers to
Certify Conformance with Design and Performance
Specifications for Cement Plants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7392; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying particulate matter detectors (PMDs) and bag leak detectors (BLDs) that are
used to monitor particulate matter (PM) emissions from kiln systems at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste. It
includes design specifications, performance specifications, test procedures, and information requirements to ensure that these
continuous monitors meet minimum requirements, necessary in part, to monitor reliably PM concentrations to indicate the need
for inspection or corrective action of the types of air pollution control devices that are used at Portland cement plants that burn
hazardous waste.
1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original manufacturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture, or resale
of PMDs or BLDs.
1.3 This practice applies to (a) wet or dry process cement kilns equipped with electrostatic precipitators, and (b) dry process
kilns, including pre-heater pre-calciner kiln systems, equipped with fabric filter controls. Some types of monitoring instruments
are suitable for only certain types of applications.
NOTE 1—This practice has been developed based on careful consideration of the nature and variability of PM concentrations, effluent conditions, and
the type, configuration, and operating characteristics of air pollution control devices used at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste.
1.4 This practice applies to Portland cement kiln systems subject to PM emission standards contained in 40 CFR 63, Subpart
EEE.
NOTE 2—The level of the PM emission limit is relevant to the design and selection of appropriate PMD and BLD instrumentation. The current
promulgated PM emission standards (70 FR 59402, Oct. 12, 2005) are: (a) 65 mg/dscm at 7 % O (0.028 gr/dscf at 7 % O ) or approximately 30 mg/acm
2 2
(0.013 gr/acf) for “existing sources” and (b) 5.3 mg/dscm at 7 % O (0.0023 gr/dscf at 7 % O ) or approximately 2.5 mg/acm (0.001 gr/acf) for “new
2 2
sources.” On March 23, 2006 (71 FR 14665) EPA proposed to revise the PM standard for new cement plants to 15.9 mg/dscm at 7 % O (0.0069 gr/dscf
at 7 % O ), or about 6-9 mg/acm (0.0026-0.0039 gr/acf). The emission standards may change in future rulemakings, so users of this practice should check
the current regulations. Some types of monitoring instruments are not suitable for use over the range of emissions encountered at both new and existing
sources.
1.5 The specifications and test procedures contained in this practice exceed those of the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA). For each monitoring device that the manufacturer demonstrates conformance to this practice, the manufacturer
may issue a certificate that states that monitoring device conforms with all of the applicable design and performance requirements
of this practice and also meets all applicable requirements for PMDs or BLDs at 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE, which apply to Portland
cement plants.
NOTE 3—40 CFR 63.1206 (c)(8) and (9) requires that BLDs and PMDs “be certified by the manufacturer to be capable of detecting particulate matter
emissions at concentrations of 1.0 milligrams per actual cubic meter unless you demonstrate under §63.1209(g), that a higher detection limit would
routinely detect particulate matter loadings during normal operations.” This practice includes specific procedures for determination and reporting of the
detection limit for each PMD or BLD model.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and
Source Emissions.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007April 1, 2013. Published November 2007September 2014. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as
D7392 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/D7392-07.10.1520/D7392-07R13.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7392 − 07 (2013)
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D6216 Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications
D6831 Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency DocumentsDocuments:
40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Final Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors
2.3 Other DocumentsDocuments:
ISO/DIS 9004 Quality Management and Quality System Elements-Guidelines
ANSI/NCSL Z 540-1-1994 Calibration Laboratories and Measuring Equipment - General Requirements
3. Terminology
3.1 For terminology relevant to this practice, see Terminology D1356.
3.1.1 Definitions for transmittance measurement equipment (that is, opacity monitors) are provided in Practice D6216.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Analyzer Equipment
3.2.1 bag leak detector [BLD], n—an instrument installed downstream of a fabric filter control device that interacts with a
PM-laden effluent stream and produces an output signal of sufficient accuracy and repeatability to track changes in PM control
device performance and, together with appropriate data analysis, indicates the need to inspect the fabric filter as referenced in the
Federal Register, 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE. BLDs are used to track rapid changes in PM concentration and must have sufficient
dynamic range to track both “peaks” and baseline PM levels and include provisions for adjusting the averaging period, alarm delay,
and alarm set point appropriate for source-specific conditions. BLDs must also include provisions to detect faults or malfunctions
of the measurement system.
3.2.2 particulate matter detector [PMD], n—an instrument that interacts with a PM-laden effluent stream and produces an
output signal of significant accuracy and repeatability so as to indicate significant changes in the concentration of particulate
material entrained in the effluent downstream of an electrostatic precipitator or fabric filter as referenced in the Federal Register,
40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE. PMDs are used to track changes in PM concentrations using six-hour rolling averages, updated each
hour with a new one-hour block average. PMDs must also include provisions to activate an alarm and detect faults or malfunctions
of the measurement system.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004,
http://www.epa.gov.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
PMDs and BLDs are inherently inferential monitoring devices that sense some parameter which, in the absence of interfering
effects, is directly related to PM concentrations.
3.2.2.2 Discussion—
This practice does not discriminate between measurement techniques but instead provides design specifications and performance
standards that all devices must satisfy to be acceptable as a PMD or BLD for a cement kiln that burns hazardous waste. Techniques
for continuously measuring PM include optical transmittance (“opacity”), dynamic opacity (“scintillation”), optical scatter (side,
forward and back scatter), and probe electrification (sensors based on induction, contact charge transfer, or combination of effects).
NOTE 4—Extractive systems using Beta attenuation to sense PM deposited on filters are used as PM CEMS but can not meet the sampling and analysis
frequency required by EPA regulations for PMDs and BLDs.
3.2.2.3 Discussion—
PMD and BLD instruments that conform to the requirements of this practice include automated internal mechanisms that are used
to verify proper performance of the measurement device on a daily basis, or more frequent basis if recommended by the
manufacturer. PMD instruments include mechanisms to facilitate external periodic audits of the measured parameter.
D7392 − 07 (2013)
3.2.3 light-scatter, n—the extent to which a beam of light is reflected, refracted, or diffracted via interaction with PM in a
medium such that a measurable portion of the original beam’s energy is redirected outside the original angle of projection.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
Back-scatter is generically defined as scattering in excess of 150 degrees from the direction of the original projected beam,
side-scatter is generically defined as scattering between 30 degrees and 150 degrees from the original direction, and forward-scatter
is generically defined as scattering of less than 30 degrees from the projected beam.
3.2.3.2 Discussion—
Because the correlation between the intensity and angular distribution of light scattering and the actual PM mass concentration is
dependent on factors such as particle size, particle shape, wavelength of light, particle density, etc., this practice is limited to: (a)
verification of the stability, linearity, and interference rejection of the measurement of scattered light, and (b) verification of the
instrument sensitivity and detection limit. This practice does not recommend any specific light-scattering technology, and leaves
the evaluation of the application to the discretion of the user of a BLD or PMD.
3.2.3.3 Discussion—
A light-scatter BLD or PMD may include the following: (a) sample interface equipment such as filters and purge air blowers to
protect the instrument and minimize contamination of exposed optical surfaces, (b) shutters or other devices to provide protection
during power outages or failure of the sample interface, and (c) a remote control unit to facilitate monitoring the output of the
instrument, initiation of zero and upscale calibration checks, or control of other BLD or PMD functions.
3.2.4 dynamic opacity, n—the amount of light variation caused by particles traversing a cross-stack beam of transmitted light.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Dynamic opacity instruments measure the alternating component of the transmitted light and are sometimes referred to as
scintillation instruments.
3.2.4.2 Discussion—
In certain dynamic instruments the measured alternating signal (light variation) is divided by the average transmitted light intensity
signal to provide a ratio measurement. This ratio is unaffected by optics contamination.
3.2.5 probe electrification, n—methods by which the charge carried on PM creates a signal in a grounded sensing rod through
charge induction, contact, or combination.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
Probe electrification instruments measure the current produced by charged particles passing or impacting a grounded sensing rod.
Certain instruments measure the DC component of the signal, the AC component of the signal or both the DC and AC components
of the signal.
3.2.5.2 Discussion—
Probe electrification instruments can be used after fabric filters where the particle charge is relatively constant. The influence of
changing velocity should be considered when considering using probe electrification devices in applications with variable speed
fans or variable flow.
3.2.6 BLD or PMD measuring volume, n—the spatial region in which the particles interact with the instrument to produce a
measurable signal.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
For light scattering or transmittance instruments, the measuring volume is the spatial region where the projected light and the field
D7392 − 07 (2013)
of view of the detector optics overlap in which the PM concentration can be detected via scattering of light or reduction of
transmittance. For probe electrification instruments the measuring volume is the area near the sensing probe.
3.2.7 nominal full scale, n—the default, as-shipped full scale calibration of a BLD or PMD, based on standard gains and offset
settings established during field performance tests under Section 7.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—
The nominal full scale (NFS) will be determined by the manufacturer by means of data taken as part of the verification of
instrument sensitivity and detection limit on at least one representative cement kiln installation.
3.2.8 BLD or PMD model, n—a specific BLD or PMD configuration identified by the specific measurement system design,
including: (a) the use of specific source, detector(s), lenses, mirrors, and other components, (b) the physical arrangement of
principal components, (c) the specific electronics configuration and signal processing approach, (d) the specific calibration check
mechanisms and drift/dust compensation devices and approaches, and (e) the specific software version and data processing
algorithms, as implemented by a particular manufacturer and subject to an identifiable quality assurance system.
3.2.8.1 Discussion—
Minor changes to software or data outputs that do not affect data processing algorithms or status outputs are not be considered as
a model change provided that the manufacturer documents all such changes and provides a satisfactory explanation in a report.
3.2.8.2 Discussion—
Software installed on external devices, including external computer systems, and used for processing of the PMD or BLD output
to generate average values or activate alarms is not considered part of the PMD or BLD monitoring device.
3.2.8.3 Dis
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