ASTM D4647-06e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Identification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test
Standard Test Method for Identification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The pinhole test provides one method of identifying the dispersive characteristics of clay soils that are to be or have been used in earth construction. The piping failures of a number of homogeneous earth dams, erosion along channel or canal banks, and rainfall erosion of earthen structures have been attributed to the colloidal erosion along cracks or other flow channels formed in masses of dispersive clay (2).
This test method models the action of water flowing along a crack in an earth embankment. Other indirect tests, such as the double hydrometer test (Test Method D 4221), the crumb test (3, 4), that relates the turbidity of a cloud of suspended clay colloids as an indicator of the clay dispersivity, and chemical tests that relate the percentage of sodium to total soluble salt content of the soil are also used as indicator tests of clay dispersibility (2). The comparison of results from the pinhole test and other indirect tests on hundreds of samples indicates that the results of the pinhole test have the best correlation with the erosional performance of clay soils in nature.
Method A and Method C of the pinhole test require the evaluation of cloudiness of effluent, final size of the pinhole, and computation of flow rates through the pinhole in order to classify the dispersive characteristics of the soil. Method B requires only the evaluation of the cloudiness of effluent and final size of the pinhole to classify the dispersive characteristics of the soil. The computation of flow rates through the pinhole in Method A serves primarily as a guide to the proper equipment and specimen performance under sequential pressures applied during the test. All methods produce similar results and any method can be used to identify dispersive clays.
The use of Method A or Method C results in the accumulation of data relative to sequential flow rates through the pinhole and consequent enlargement or erosion of the hole. The pinhole erosion test was developed for the pu...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method presents a direct, qualitative measurement of the dispersibility and consequent colloidal erodibility of clay soils by causing water to flow through a small hole punched in a specimen. This test method is complemented by Test Method D 4221.
1.2 This test method and the criteria for evaluating test data are based upon results of several hundred tests on samples collected from embankments, channels, and other areas where clay soils have eroded or resisted erosion in nature (1).
1.3 Three alternative procedures for classifying the dispersibility of clay soils are provided as follows:
1.3.1 Method A and Method C, adapted from Ref (1), classify soils into six categories of dispersiveness as: dispersibility (D1, D2), slight to moderately dispersive (ND4, ND3), and nondispersive (ND2, ND1).
1.3.2 Method B classifies soils into three categories of dispersiveness as: dispersibility (D), slightly dispersive (SD), and nondispersive (ND).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4647 −06
StandardTest Method for
Identification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils by
1
the Pinhole Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Section 10.1.14 was editorially corrected in September 2009.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 This test method presents a direct, qualitative measure- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ment of the dispersibility and consequent colloidal erodibility D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
of clay soils by causing water to flow through a small hole D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
punched in a specimen. This test method is complemented by Fluids
Test Method D4221. D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
1.2 This test method and the criteria for evaluating test data
3
kN-m/m ))
are based upon results of several hundred tests on samples
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
collected from embankments, channels, and other areas where
2 D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
clay soils have eroded or resisted erosion in nature (1).
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1.3 Three alternative procedures for classifying the dispers-
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
ibility of clay soils are provided as follows:
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
1.3.1 Method A and Method C, adapted from Ref (1),
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
classify soils into six categories of dispersiveness as: dispers-
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
ibility (D1, D2), slight to moderately dispersive (ND4, ND3),
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
and nondispersive (ND2, ND1).
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
1.3.2 Method B classifies soils into three categories of
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
dispersiveness as: dispersibility (D), slightly dispersive (SD),
D4221 Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay
and nondispersive (ND).
Soil by Double Hydrometer
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for Plasticity Index of Soils
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
information only.
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Construction Materials Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Data
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland 3.1.1 For definitions of terms in this test method, refer to
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.06onPhysical-Chemical
Terminology D653.
Interactions of Soil and Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
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approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D4647 – 93(2006). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/D4647-06E01. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this test method. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4647−06
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: sures applied during the test. All methods produce similar
3.2.1 dispersive clays—clays that diaggregate easily and resultsandanymethodcanbeusedtoidentifydispersiveclays.
rapidly in water of low-salt concentration, and without signifi-
5.4 The use of Method A or Method C results in the
cant mechanical assistance. Such clays usually have a high
accumulation of data relative to sequential flow rates through
proportion of their adsorptive capacity saturated with sodium
the pinhole and consequent enlargement or erosion of the hole.
cations.
The pinhole erosion test was developed for the purpose of
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Such cl
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
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Designation: D 4647 – 06
Designation:D4647 – 93 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Test Method for
Identification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils by
1
the Pinhole Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Keywords were added editorially December 1998
—Section 10.1.14 was editorially corrected in September 2009.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method presents a direct, qualitative measurement of the dispersibility and consequent colloidal erodibility of clay
soils by causing water to flow through a small hole punched in a specimen. This test method is complemented by Test Method
D 4221.
1.2 Thistestmethodandthecriteriaforevaluating test data are based upon results of several hundred tests on samplescollected
2
from embankments, channels, and other areas where clay soils have eroded or resisted erosion in nature (1).
1.3 Three alternative procedures for classifying the dispersibility of clay soils are provided as follows:
1.3.1 MethodAand Method C, adapted from Ref (1), classify soils into six categories of dispersiveness as: dispersibility (D1,
D2), slight to moderately dispersive (ND4, ND3), and nondispersive (ND2, ND1).
1.3.2 Method B classifies soils into three categories of dispersiveness as: dispersibility (D), slightly dispersive (SD), and
nondispersive (ND).
1.4 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareprovidedforinformation
only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 422 Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D 698 Test Method for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using a 5.5-lb (2.49-kg) Rammer and
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a 12-in. (305-mm) Drop Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400
3 3
ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m ))
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
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D 2216 Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil Aggregate Mixtures Test
Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
3
D 2487 Test Method for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
D 3740 Practice for the Evaluation ofMinimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil
and Rock as Used Inin Engineering Design and Construction
D 4221 Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay Soil Byby Double Hydrometer
D 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-18D18onSoilandRockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.06onPhysico-Chemical
Properties of Soils and Rock.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1993. Published November 1993. Originally published as D4647–87. Last previous edition D4647–87.on Physical-Chemical
Interactions of Soil and Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4647 – 93(2006).
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.08.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D 4647 – 06
D4647 – 93 (1998)
D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Sca
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