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ASTM E664/E664M-10

(Practice)

Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method

Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treatments of different lots of material or the assessment of the degradation of materials due to environment.
Several different modes of wave vibration can be propagated in solids. This practice is concerned with the attenuation associated with longitudinal waves introduced into the specimen by the immersion method.  
This practice allows for the comparison of the apparent attenuations of geometrically similar specimens.
For the determination of apparent attenuation, the procedures described herein are valid only for measurements in the far field of the ultrasonic beam.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for measuring the apparent attenuation of ultrasound in materials or components with flat, parallel surfaces using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detection equipment in which reflected indications are displayed in an A-scan presentation.  
1.2 The measurement procedure is readily adaptable for the determination of relative attenuation between materials. For absolute (true) attenuation measurements, indicative of the intrinsic nature of the material, it is necessary to correct for specimen geometry, sound beam divergence, instrumentation, and procedural effects. These results can be obtained with more specialized ultrasonic equipment and techniques.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E664-93(2005) - Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Replaced By
ASTM E664/E664M-15 - Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Referred By
ASTM C1332-18 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation Coefficients of Advanced Ceramics by Pulse-Echo Contact Technique
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E664/E664M −10
StandardPractice for the
Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal
1
Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E664/E664M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for measuring the
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
apparent attenuation of ultrasound in materials or components
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
with flat, parallel surfaces using conventional pulse-echo
ultrasonic flaw detection equipment in which reflected indica-
3. Terminology
tions are displayed in an A-scan presentation.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
1.2 The measurement procedure is readily adaptable for the
practice, see Terminology E1316.
determination of relative attenuation between materials. For
4. Summary of Practice
absolute (true) attenuation measurements, indicative of the
intrinsic nature of the material, it is necessary to correct for
4.1 This practice describes a procedure for determining
specimen geometry, sound beam divergence, instrumentation,
apparent attenuation by measuring the decay of multiple back
andproceduraleffects.Theseresultscanbeobtainedwithmore
reflections of longitudinal ultrasonic waves introduced into
specialized ultrasonic equipment and techniques.
specimens with flat, parallel surfaces by the immersion tech-
nique.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
5. Significance and Use
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
5.1 The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treat-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
ments of different lots of material or the assessment of the
with the standard.
degradation of materials due to environment.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.2 Several different modes of wave vibration can be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
propagated in solids. This practice is concerned with the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
attenuation associated with longitudinal waves introduced into
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the specimen by the immersion method.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.3 This practice allows for the comparison of the apparent
2. Referenced Documents
attenuations of geometrically similar specimens.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.4 For the determination of apparent attenuation, the pro-
E214 Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the Re-
cedures described herein are valid only for measurements in
flection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves (With-
the far field of the ultrasonic beam.
3
drawn 2007)
6. Apparatus
6.1 Ultrasonic Flaw Detection System— A system capable
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
of generating, receiving, and displaying electrical pulses at the
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
frequency of interest. Display shall be an A-scan presentation.
Ultrasonic Method.
6.1.1 Performance Characteristics—The vertical linearity
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved
in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E664 - 93(2005). DOI:
limits shall be determined as specified in Practice E317. All
10.1520/E0664_E0664M-10.
measurements shall be made only within the linear ranges of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the system.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.2 Search Unit—The size and frequency should be deter-
the ASTM website.
3
mined to suit the application, and only non-focused search
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. units may be used.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E664/E664M−10
NOTE 2—If the frequency and dimensions of the transducers available
6.3 Couplant—Normally water. See Practice E214 for alter-
do not readily per
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E664–93 (Reapproved 2005) Designation: E664/E664M – 10
Standard Practice for the
Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal
1
Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E664/E664M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for measuring the apparent attenuation of ultrasound in materials or components with
flat, parallel surfaces using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detection equipment in which reflected indications are
displayed in an A-scan presentation.
1.2 The measurement procedure is readily adaptable for the determination of relative attenuation between materials. For
absolute (true) attenuation measurements, indicative of the intrinsic nature of the material, it is necessary to correct for specimen
geometry, sound beam divergence, instrumentation, and procedural effects. These results can be obtained with more specialized
ultrasonic equipment and techniques.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E214 Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without
the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions:
3.1.1For—For definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E1316.
3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1apparent attenuation—the observed ultrasound energy loss. In addition to the true loss, the apparent attenuation may also
include losses attributable to instrumentation, specimen configuration, beam divergence, interface reflections, and measurement
procedure.
3.2.2attenuation—a factor that describes the decrease in ultrasound intensity with distance. Normally expressed in decibels per
unit length.
NOTE1—The attenuation parameter is sometimes expressed in nepers (Np) per unit length. The value in decibels (dB) is 8.68 times the value in nepers.
If the loss over a path is 1 Np, then the amplitude has fallen to 1/e of its initial value (e=2.7183.).
3.2.3decibel (dB)—twenty times the logarithmic expression of the ratio of two amplitudes.
dB520log10~amplituderatio!
3.2.4true attenuation—that portion of the observed ultrasound energy loss which is intrinsic to the medium through which the
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.06onUltrasonicMethod.
Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E664-93 (2000). DOI:
10.1520/E0664-93R05.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E664 - 93(2005). DOI:
10.1520/E0664_E0664M-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E664/E664M – 10
ultrasound propagates. True attenuation losses may be attributed to the basic mechanisms of absorption and scattering.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Thispracticedescribesaprocedurefordeterminingapparentattenuationbymeasuringthedecayofmultip
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treatments of different lots of material or the assessment of the degradation of materials due to environment.  
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5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, digitizers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers.  
1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
1.4 The procedures in Annex A1 – Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a practice for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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